Антикризове управління як одне з напрямів підвищення ефективності діяльності підприємства

У статті розглянуто основні етапи антикризового управління та чинники, що визначають ефективність антикризових заходів. Запропоновано основні етапи реалізації політики антикризового фінансового управління підприємством за умови загрози банкрутства. Ключові слова: антикризове управління, підприємство, банкрутство, стратегії управління, етапи антикризового управління, ефективність антикризового управління.В статье рассматриваются основные этапы антикризисного управления и факторы, которые определяют эффективность антикризисных мероприятий. Предложены основные этапы реализации политики антикризисного финансового управления при угрозе банкротства. Ключевые слова: антикризисное управление, предприятие, банкротство, стратегии управления, этапы антикризисного управления, эффективность антикризисного управления.The basic stages of crisis management and factors, which determine efficiency of crisis management, — are described in this article. The basic stages of realization policy of crisic financial management in threat of bankruptcy,- were propose. Key words: crisis management, enterprise, bankruptcy, strategies of management, stages of crisis management, efficiency of crisis management

Characteristics of the modelled meteoric freshwater budget of the western Antarctic Peninsula

Rapid climatic changes in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) have led to considerable changes in the meteoric freshwater input into the surrounding ocean, with implications for ocean circulation, the marine ecosystem and sea-level rise. In this study, we use the high-resolution Regional Atmospheric Climate Model RACMO2.3, coupled to a firn model, to assess the various contributions to the meteoric freshwater budget of the WAP for 1979–2014: precipitation (snowfall and rainfall), meltwater runoff to the ocean, and glacial discharge. Snowfall is the largest component in the atmospheric contribution to the freshwater budget, and exhibits large spatial and temporal variability. The highest snowfall rates are orographically forced and occur over the coastal regions of the WAP (View the MathML source>2000mm water equivalent (w.e.) y−1y−1) and extend well onto the ocean up to the continental shelf break; a minimum View the MathML source(∼500mmw.e.y−1) is reached over the open ocean. Rainfall is an order of magnitude smaller, and strongly depends on latitude and season, being large in summer, when sea ice extent is at its minimum. For Antarctic standards, WAP surface meltwater production is relatively large View the MathML source(>50mmw.e.y−1), but a large fraction refreezes in the snowpack, limiting runoff. Only at a few more northerly locations is the meltwater predicted to run off into the ocean. In summer, we find a strong relationship of the freshwater fluxes with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index. When SAM is positive and occurs simultaneously with a La Niña event there are anomalously strong westerly winds and enhanced snowfall rates over the WAP mountains, Marguerite Bay and the Bellingshausen Sea. When SAM coincides with an El Niño event, winds are more northerly, reducing snowfall and increasing rainfall over the ocean, and enhancing orographic snowfall over the WAP mountains. Assuming balance between snow accumulation (mass gain) and glacial discharge (mass loss), the largest glacial discharge is found for the regions around Adelaide Island View the MathML source(10Gty−1), Anvers Island View the MathML source(8Gty−1) and southern Palmer Land View the MathML source(12Gty−1), while a minimum View the MathML source(<2Gty−1) is found in Marguerite Bay and the northern WAP. Glacial discharge is in the same order of magnitude as the direct freshwater input into the ocean from snowfall, but there are some local differences. The spatial patterns in the meteoric freshwater budget have consequences for local productivity and carbon drawdown in the coastal ocean

The modelled surface mass balance of the Antarctic Peninsula at 5.5 km horizontal resolution.

This study presents a high-resolution (similar to 5.5 km) estimate of surface mass balance (SMB) over the period 1979-2014 for the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), generated by the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2.3 and a firn densification model (FDM). RACMO2.3 is used to force the FDM, which calculates processes in the snowpack, such as meltwater percolation, refreezing and runoff. We evaluate model output with 132 in situ SMB observations and discharge rates from six glacier drainage basins, and find that the model realistically simulates the strong spatial variability in precipitation, but that significant biases remain as a result of the highly complex topography of the AP. It is also clear that the observations significantly underrepresent the high-accumulation regimes, complicating a full model evaluation. The SMB map reveals large accumulation gradients, with precipitation values above 3000 mm we yr(-1) in the western AP (WAP) and below 500 mm we yr(-1) in the eastern AP (EAP), not resolved by coarser data sets such as ERA-Interim. The average AP ice-sheet-integrated SMB, including ice shelves (an area of 4.1 x 10(5) km(2)), is estimated at 351 Gt yr(-1) with an interannual variability of 58 Gt yr(-1), which is dominated by precipitation (PR) (365 +/- 57 Gt yr(-1)). The WAP (2.4 x 10(5) km(2)) SMB (276 +/- 47 Gt yr(-1)), where PR is large (276 +/- 47 Gt yr(-1)), dominates over the EAP (1.7 x 10(5) km(2)) SMB (75 +/- 11 Gt yr(-1)) and PR (84 +/- 11 Gt yr(-1)). Total sublimation is 11 +/- 2 Gt yr(-1) and meltwater runoff into the ocean is 4 +/- 4 Gt yr(-1). There are no significant trends in any of the modelled AP SMB components, except for snowmelt that shows a significant decrease over the last 36 years (-0.36 Gt yr(-2))

Seasonal mass variations show timing and magnitude of meltwater storage in the Greenland Ice Sheet

The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is currently losing ice mass. In order to accurately predict future sea level rise, the mechanisms driving the observed mass loss must be better understood. Here, we combine data from the satellite gravimetry mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), surface mass balance (SMB) output of the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model v. 2 (RACMO2), and ice discharge estimates to analyze the mass budget of Greenland at various temporal and spatial scales. We find that the mean rate of mass variations in Greenland observed by GRACE was between −277 and −269 Gt yr−1 in 2003–2012. This estimate is consistent with the sum (i.e., −304±126 Gt yr−1) of individual contributions – surface mass balance (SMB, 216±122 Gt yr−1) and ice discharge (520±31 Gt yr−1) – and with previous studies. We further identify a seasonal mass anomaly throughout the GRACE record that peaks in July at 80–120 Gt and which we interpret to be due to a combination of englacial and subglacial water storage generated by summer surface melting. The robustness of this estimate is demonstrated by using both different GRACE-based solutions and different meltwater runoff estimates (namely, RACMO2.3, SNOWPACK, and MAR3.9). Meltwater storage in the ice sheet occurs primarily due to storage in the high-accumulation regions of the southeast and northwest parts of Greenland. Analysis of seasonal variations in outlet glacier discharge shows that the contribution of ice discharge to the observed signal is minor (at the level of only a few gigatonnes) and does not explain the seasonal differences between the total mass and SMB signals. With the improved quantification of meltwater storage at the seasonal scale, we highlight its importance for understanding glacio-hydrological processes and their contributions to the ice sheet mass variability

Antarctic meteorology, a study with automatic weather stations

This thesis chiefly addresses a) the use of Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) in determining the near-surface climate and heat budget of Antarctica and, specifically, Dronning Maud Land (DML), and b) the determination of source regions of Antarctic moisture with the aid of a trajectory model and an atmospheric model. The primary motivation behind this interest is the drilling of two ice cores in the Antarctic ice sheet within the framework of the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). A thorough knowledge of the meteorological conditions will increase our understanding of the processes that influence the surface mass balance and heat budget. In Chapter 2, ground-based observations of broadband, narrowband, and bidirectional reflectance are used to study the albedo of blue ice and snow. During summer, surface albedo plays an important role in the amount of heat exchanged between the surface and the atmosphere. The aim is therefore to improve the methods used to derive surface albedo from satellite measurements and arrive at a better understanding of the processes influencing the magnitude of the albedo. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 describe the data obtained from ten AWS in Antarctica and how they were used to determine the local surface energy budget. The AWS were placed on two transects perpendicular to the coastline in DML and one on Berkner Island. Mainly the strength of the katabatically forced flow, in combination with the geostrophic flow, determines the near-surface conditions at these locations. The katabatic flow varies in strength depending on the magnitude of surface slope and temperature inversion, and is not active on Berkner Island, a station on a topographic dome. In DML, the strength of the katabatic flow varies, resulting in maximum wind speeds and potential temperatures at the sites with the steepest slopes, at the edge of the Antarctic plateau. The AWS data, together with a model based on Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, are used to calculate the surface energy budget for the measuring period. The strength of the katabatic flow largely determines not only the near-surface meteorological conditions but also the surface energy budget. In Chapters 6 and 7, moisture sources of snow falling at five deep-drilling locations in Antarctica (Byrd, DML05, Dome C, Dome F and Vostok) are defined, based on five-day backward air parcel trajectories calculated from data of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. Based on model precipitation, a distinction is made between cases with and without snowfall at the point of arrival. A case study for May 1998 shows that during snowfall exceptionally high temperatures and wind speeds prevail in the atmospheric boundary layer. The trajectories from the ECMWF Re-analysis Project (ERA-15) cover a 15-year period and show that the oceans closest to the five drilling sites contribute most of the moisture. The calculated trajectories show seasonal dependency, resulting in a seasonal cycle in the moisture sources, which is further enhanced by a seasonal cycle in the amount of precipitation

Near-surface climate and surface energy budget of Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula

Data collected by two automatic weather stations (AWS) on the Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctica, between 22 January 2009 and 1 February 2011 are analyzed and used as input for a model that computes the surface energy budget (SEB), which includes melt energy. The two AWSs are separated by about 70 km in the north–south direction, and both the near-surface meteorology and the SEB show similarities, although small differences in all components (most notably the melt flux) can be seen. The impact of subsurface absorption of shortwave radiation on melt and snow temperature is significant, and discussed. In winter, longwave cooling of the surface is entirely compensated by a downward turbulent transport of sensible heat. In summer, the positive net radiative flux is compensated by melt, and quite frequently by upward turbulent diffusion of heat and moisture, leading to sublimation and weak convection over the ice shelf. The month of November 2010 is highlighted, when strong westerly flow over the Antarctic Peninsula led to a dry and warm f¨ohn wind over the ice shelf, resulting in warm and sunny conditions. Under these conditions the increase in shortwave and sensible heat fluxes is larger than the decrease of net longwave and latent heat fluxes, providing energy for significant melt

Internal accumulation on Storglaciären, Sweden, in a multi-layer snow model coupled to a distributed energy- and mass balance model

To investigate the internal accumulation on Storglaciären, Sweden, we couple a multilayer snow model to a distributed energy- and mass-balance model. The snow model describes the temperature, density and water-content evolution of the snow/ice pack and includes the processes of percolation and refreezing of water. The model is run for the period 9 May-2 September 1999 and validated against weather station and mass-balance observations on the glacier. The model performs reasonably well, with an average summer mass balance for the location of stake observations of −1.56 m w.e. compared to −1.59 m w.e. observed. However, the amount of melt is overestimated in the higher parts of the accumulation area and underestimated in the lower parts of the ablation area. The modelled mass balance is most sensitive to the albedo parameterization, the chosen momentum and scalar roughness lengths and all parameters related to snowfall. The modelled internal accumulation is +0.25 m w.e., which amounts to about 20% of the winter accumulation and results in a positive net balance for 1999 of +0.23 m w.e. The modelled internal accumulation is most sensitive to the initial subsurface temperature profile and the irreducible water content