Effects of protein–carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and resistance training outcomes: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial

Purpose: To examine the impact of ingesting hydrolyzed beef protein, whey protein, and carbohydrate on resistance training outcomes, body composition, muscle thickness, blood indices of health and salivary human neutrophil peptides (HNP1-3), as reference of humoral immunity followed an 8-week resistance training program in college athletes. Methods: Twenty-seven recreationally physically active males and females (n = 9 per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: hydrolyzed beef protein, whey protein, or non-protein isoenergetic carbohydrate. Treatment consisted of ingesting 20 g of supplement, mixed with orange juice, once a day immediately post-workout or before breakfast on non-training days. Measurements were performed pre- and post-intervention on total load (kg) lifted at the first and last workout, body composition (via plethysmography) vastus medialis thickness (mm) (via ultrasonography), and blood indices of health. Salivary HNP1-3 were determined before and after performing the first and last workout. Results: Salivary concentration and secretion rates of the HNP1-3 decreased in the beef condition only from pre-first-workout (1.90 ± 0.83 μg/mL; 2.95 ± 2.83 μg/min, respectively) to pre-last-workout (0.92 ± 0.63 μg/mL, p = 0.025, d = 1.03; 0.76 ± 0.74 μg/min, p = 0.049, d = 0.95), and post-last-workout (0.95 ± 0.60 μg/mL, p = 0.032, d = 1.00; 0.59 ± 0.52 μg/min, p = 0.027, d = 1.02). No other significant differences between groups were observed. Conclusions: Supplementation with a carbohydrate–protein beverage may support resistance training outcomes in a comparable way as the ingestion of only carbohydrate. Furthermore, the ingestion of 20 g of hydrolyzed beef protein resulted in a decreased level and secretion rates of the HNP1-3 from baseline with no negative effect on blood indices of health

Measurement of the Ratio of b Quark Production Cross Sections in Antiproton-Proton Collisions at 630 GeV and 1800 GeV

We report a measurement of the ratio of the bottom quark production cross section in antiproton-proton collisions at 630 GeV to 1800 GeV using bottom quarks with transverse momenta greater than 10.75 GeV identified through their semileptonic decays and long lifetimes. The measured ratio sigma(630)/sigma(1800) = 0.171 +/- .024 +/- .012 is in good agreement with next-to-leading order (NLO) quantum chromodynamics (QCD)

METFORMIN INGESTION PARTIALLY RESTORES AGE-RELATED IMPAIRMENT OF MYOGENIC POTENTIAL FROM MYOBLASTS ISOLATED FROM HUMAN DONORS

Z.S. Mahmassani, J.J. Petrocelli, A.I. McKenzie, N.M. de Hart, P.T. Reidy, M.J. Drummond University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Age-related impairments to myogenicity, or fusion potential, of myoblasts have negative implications for the ability of these cells to contribute to muscle repair after myofiber damage. This age-related deficit has been connected to impaired NAD biosynthesis; however RNA sequencing of muscle biopsies demonstrate insulin sensitizer Metformin, has the potential to alter NAD biosynthesis pathways. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if 2 weeks of Metformin ingestion improves the fusion potential of primary myoblasts isolated from muscle biopsies extracted from older adults and how this compares to young. METHODS: Muscle biopsies were extracted from young controls (\u3c30yo; n=5) that did not receive metformin and from elderly subjects (60+yo; n=5) before and after 2 weeks of Metformin ingestion (2g/day). Primary myoblasts were isolated and expanded to passage 3 prior to experimentation. Cells were plated at equal densities between groups, and upon 95% confluence were differentiated in 2% serum for 8 days, in duplicate. Cells were stained for MyHC (MF20) and Nuclei (DAPI) and imaged at 10x magnification, in a 10x10 field of view mosaic (100 images), allowing for the capture of 10-20,000 nuclei per assessment. Co- occurrence of DAPI and MF20 were determined using the BioVoxxel Toolbox and Particle Analyzer (Image J) plugins. Fusion index was determined as [#DAPI co-occurring with MF20]/[Total #DAPI]*100. RESULTS: Fusion index of elderly subjects (27% ± 13SD) was significantly less (One Way ANOVA, P = 0.015, Old Pre vs Young: P=0.012, Tukey’s) than that of young subjects (61% ± 20SD), however Metformin partially rejuvenated this response (46% ± 9SD; Old Post vs Young: P=0.3, Tukey’s). CONCLUSION: The ability of Metformin to improve myogenicity of aged myoblasts provides valuable information on the “anti-aging” therapeutic effects of Metformin, as well as implications for regenerative medicine in geriatric populations. Supported by ADA #1-19-ICTS-107 & by NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA 1T32HL139451

METFORMIN-LEUCINE TREATMENT FOLLOWING DISUSE INCREASES MUSCLE SATELLITE CELLS AND REDUCES FIBROSIS IN AGED MICE

J.J. Petrocelli, Z.S. Mahmassani, J.A. Montgomery, P.T. Reidy, D.K. Fix, A.I. McKenzie, N.M. de Hart, M.J. Drummond University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT The hospitalization of older adults is predicted to increase within the next 15 years. The aging population is growing, and the majority will deal with prolonged and incomplete muscle and strength recovery. An inability to fully regain lost muscle after inactivity drives the diminished response to rehabilitation and is accompanied by muscle fibrosis. PURPOSE: Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate how combination therapy of metformin and leucine effects muscle recovery following disuse in aged mice. METHODS: Aged mice (22-24 mo) underwent 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) then 7 or 14 days of recovery. Age and weight-matched mice did not undergo HU and were used as ambulatory comparators (AMB). Mice assigned to each time point received either standard drinking water (control), water with metformin (MET), or water with metformin and leucine (MET+LEU) throughout the HU and recovery period. Hindlimb muscles were dissected, snap frozen, sectioned and stained for histological analysis. RESULTS: HU decreased gastrocnemius and soleus muscle mass and fiber cross sectional area in all groups vs. AMB (P\u3c0.05). After 7 days of recovery gastrocnemius muscle mass of control mice was still decreased vs. AMB (P=0.006) while MET+LEU mice were not different vs. AMB (P=0.085). Following HU, MET+LEU mice had increased Pax7+ cells in gastrocnemius vs. control (P=0.05); after 7 days of recovery in soleus there were also increased Pax7+ cells (P=0.019) compared to control. Additionally, after 7 days of recovery gastrocnemius of MET+LEU mice had increased central nuclei compared to control (P=0.015). Lastly, after HU and throughout the recovery period, MET+LEU mice had increased collagen turnover (main effect P\u3c0.001) and decreased total fibrosis vs. control (Tukey’s post-hoc P=0.033). CONCLUSION: Metformin-leucine treatment improves recovery in aged mice following muscle disuse by promoting regenerative cells and decreasing fibrosis but does not affect fiber size. Support provided by University of Utah Sports Medicine & Science Grant

MUSCLE PROTEIN METABOLISM EFFECTS OF ACUTE DIETARY INGESTION OF CHEDDAR CHEESE

N.M.M.P. de Hart1, Z.S. Mahmassani1, P.T. Reidy1, A.I. McKenzie1, J.J. Petrocelli1, L.S. Ward2, J.A. Maschek1, M.J. Bridge1, M.J. Drummond1 1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; 2Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, ID Dietary protein is fundamental to maintain muscle mass. Muscle protein synthesis transiently increases following protein ingestion; the magnitude and duration of which is dictated by the amino acid profile, type of protein, and protein digestion. No studies have evaluated the acute skeletal muscle protein response to cheese ingestion especially since it is rich in leucine content (~10%). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the blood amino acid profile to the acute ingestion of cheddar cheese and how this responds to that of milk of the same protein amount. We hypothesized in healthy young male (n=12, 27 ± 4, 24.6 ± 3.8) and female (n=12, 26 ± 4, 21.9 ± 2.8) adults that a single dose of cheddar cheese, equivalent to 20g of protein, would acutely increase the blood branched-chain amino acids (particularly leucine) compared to baseline. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the blood branched-chain amino acid in response to cheese would demonstrate a similar response when compared to a single dose of an equivalent amount of protein in the form of 2% bovine milk. METHODS: We conducted a randomized cross-over clinical study in young men and women such that participants completed both nutrient product experiments within 1-4 weeks of each other. Blood samples were assessed in plasma for essential and non-essential amino acids before and repeatedly after nutrient ingestion (5h) following milk or cheese. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: We found that an acute ingestion of both cheddar cheese and milk (20g of protein) increased BCAA and NEAA plasma levels to a similar extent over a 5h period following ingestion in young healthy adults. Though milk demonstrated an acute peak response that was greater than cheese, cheddar cheese demonstrated a slow release of amino acids such that the total amino acid appearance over 5h was similar between the two products. Our next step is to evaluate the protein anabolic response in skeletal muscle following before and following the ingestion of these two protein-dense food products. Support provided by Build Dairy and Glanbia Nutritionals

MUSCLE PROTEIN METABOLISM EFFECTS OF ACUTE DIETARY INGESTION OF CHEDDAR CHEESE

N.M.M.P. de Hart1, Z.S. Mahmassani1, P.T. Reidy1, A.I. McKenzie1, J.J. Petrocelli1, L.S. Ward2, J.A. Maschek1, M.J. Bridge1, M.J. Drummond1 1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; 2Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, ID Dietary protein is fundamental to maintain muscle mass. Muscle protein synthesis transiently increases following protein ingestion; the magnitude and duration of which is dictated by the amino acid profile, type of protein, and protein digestion. No studies have evaluated the acute skeletal muscle protein response to cheese ingestion especially since it is rich in leucine content (~10%). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the blood amino acid profile to the acute ingestion of cheddar cheese and how this responds to that of milk of the same protein amount. We hypothesized in healthy young male (n=12, 27 ± 4, 24.6 ± 3.8) and female (n=12, 26 ± 4, 21.9 ± 2.8) adults that a single dose of cheddar cheese, equivalent to 20g of protein, would acutely increase the blood branched-chain amino acids (particularly leucine) compared to baseline. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the blood branched-chain amino acid in response to cheese would demonstrate a similar response when compared to a single dose of an equivalent amount of protein in the form of 2% bovine milk. METHODS: We conducted a randomized cross-over clinical study in young men and women such that participants completed both nutrient product experiments within 1-4 weeks of each other. Blood samples were assessed in plasma for essential and non-essential amino acids before and repeatedly after nutrient ingestion (5h) following milk or cheese. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: We found that an acute ingestion of both cheddar cheese and milk (20g of protein) increased BCAA and NEAA plasma levels to a similar extent over a 5h period following ingestion in young healthy adults. Though milk demonstrated an acute peak response that was greater than cheese, cheddar cheese demonstrated a slow release of amino acids such that the total amino acid appearance over 5h was similar between the two products. Our next step is to evaluate the protein anabolic response in skeletal muscle following before and following the ingestion of these two protein-dense food products. Support provided by Build Dairy and Glanbia Nutritionals