Family and consumer sciences education national curriculum standards: implementation plans for reform

This study documented the implementation of the national teaching and learning standards developed and published in 1998 for family and consumer sciences curricula in secondary schools. Telephone interviews were used to collect data from 44 family and consumer sciences administrators in state departments of education. The Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) provided a framework for developing an interview schedule to identify the level and degree of use, concerns, and models of implementation related to the family and consumer sciences national standards.;Descriptive statistics were generated to summarize the data pertaining to the number of states using or not using the family and consumer sciences national standards, components of 16 areas of study most/least used, and the attitudes of family and consumer sciences state administrators toward the standards. Data from open-ended questions were analyzed using hand sorting methods to identify common themes related to concerns and models of implementation.;The interview results showed that 93% of these state department of education family and consumer sciences administrators were implementing the national standards in their states. The top reasons identified for implementing the standards were to improve existing curriculum and as an aid in developing new curriculum. Nine of 16 areas of study were identified as most central to programs in states, and 5 of 16 areas were identified as not central.;Four areas of concern were identified by respondents. They included concern about the standards model, the assessment of standards, timelines for revision, and dissemination of information related to standards. A variety of implementation strategies were also identified, many centering around the use of curriculum teams as a model to guide state standards for education in family and consumer sciences.;Family and consumer sciences state department of education administrators were in agreement that the national standards document has had a positive impact on curriculum development. They also agreed that national standards were a positive tool for public relations and for promoting a positive image of family and consumer sciences as a discipline

The sociolinguistic construction of character diversity in fictional television series

This thesis investigates the language used in six fictional television series (1997 – 2014). The overall aim is to find out how linguistic patterns contribute to distinguishing features of characters and character groups. Throughout the thesis, I answer three overarching questions: 1.How are individual linguistic variables used for purposes of characterization? 2.How do linguistic variables interact to create linguistic character styles? 3.Are characterization patterns used in similar ways across characters within individual series, as well as across series? The thesis presents an interdisciplinary study of sociolinguistically meaningful stylization and produces a useful account of the underused fictolinguistic approach that links concepts of variationist sociolinguistics with stylistics. Through quantitative analysis and informed by previous sociolinguistic findings on the uses of five pragmatic forms (pragmatic markers, hedges, general extenders, modal adverbs, and intensifiers), I trace how language variation and change ties in with the individualization of fictional characters. Findings suggest that linguistic patterns that link to character qualities are consistent across a variety of investigated features. Further, some features (e.g. pragmatic markers) appear to be used with greater variance than others (e.g. general extenders), suggesting that there are distinctions in terms of saliency and availability of characterization cues. Further findings show linguistic variation correlating to particular character types, series production and genre, and character background (in particular nationality). Linguistic change is investigated through apparent time analyses for all features, as well as a brief real time analysis for selected contexts. Throughout the thesis, I touch upon concepts of indexicality, saliency, and authenticity. Finally, the thesis concludes that the present study of fictional television dialogue adds to our understanding of current language use and linguistic perception and that more studies of this kind might further enhance our knowledge of the intrinsic relation between language and identity

Adjective Intensification as a Means of Characterization:Portraying In-Group Membership and Britishness in Buffy the Vampire Slayer

This paper examines the use of intensifiers on the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer in order to establish the ways in which they can be used for characterization. We found that the male and female characters used intensifiers differently (similarly to what is found in natural speech), but also that intensifier choice was related to changes in social networks for several of the female characters on the show (so and totally). Furthermore, intensifiers were also used to distinguish the British characters on the show from the American ones (extremely, terribly, and bloody). By comparing our results to findings for other television shows (Friends) and for natural speech, we were able to establish the extent to which the show makes use of (then) innovative linguistic features for characterization. These findings underline the extent to which scriptwriters and/or actors were able to use linguistic features to index specific types of character

Eyes on the future – evidence for trade‐offs between growth, storage and defense in Norway spruce

Carbon (C) allocation plays a central role in tree responses to environmental changes. Yet, fundamental questions remain about how trees allocate C to different sinks, for example, growth vs storage and defense. In order to elucidate allocation priorities, we manipulated the whole‐tree C balance by modifying atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2] to create two distinct gradients of declining C availability, and compared how C was allocated among fluxes (respiration and volatile monoterpenes) and biomass C pools (total biomass, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and secondary metabolites (SM)) in well‐watered Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings. Continuous isotope labelling was used to trace the fate of newly‐assimilated C. Reducing [CO2] to 120 ppm caused an aboveground C compensation point (i.e. net C balance was zero) and resulted in decreases in growth and respiration. By contrast, soluble sugars and SM remained relatively constant in aboveground young organs and were partially maintained with a constant allocation of newly‐assimilated C, even at expense of root death from C exhaustion. We conclude that spruce trees have a conservative allocation strategy under source limitation: growth and respiration can be downregulated to maintain ‘operational’ concentrations of NSC while investing newly‐assimilated C into future survival by producing SM.Supplementary material: Fig. S1 Concentrations of soluble sugars, starch and NSC (soluble sugars + starch) expressed as percentage of control (400 ppm [CO2]) at the whole‐tree level. Fig. S2 Concentrations of soluble sugars, starch and NSC (soluble sugars + starch) at the whole‐tree level. Fig. S3 Concentrations of phenolic compounds, monoterpenes and total secondary metabolites expressed as percentage of control (400 ppm [CO2]) at the whole‐tree level. Fig. S4 Concentrations of phenolic compounds, monoterpenes and total secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds + monoterpenes) at the whole‐tree level. Fig. S5 δ13C (‰) of bulk tissue, water soluble C and phenolic compounds at the whole‐tree level. Methods S1 TD‐GC‐MS conditions for BVOC analysis. Table S1 Internal standards, weight‐based response factors and methods used for the measurements of secondary metabolites. Table S2 A rough estimation of allocation of newly‐assimilated carbon.JH was funded by the Chinese Scholarship Council and Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, and acknowledges support from the International Max Planck Research School for Global Biogeochemical Cycles.http://www.newphytologist.com2020-04-01hj2019Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Zoology and Entomolog

Family and consumer sciences education national curriculum standards: implementation plans for reform

This study documented the implementation of the national teaching and learning standards developed and published in 1998 for family and consumer sciences curricula in secondary schools. Telephone interviews were used to collect data from 44 family and consumer sciences administrators in state departments of education. The Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) provided a framework for developing an interview schedule to identify the level and degree of use, concerns, and models of implementation related to the family and consumer sciences national standards.;Descriptive statistics were generated to summarize the data pertaining to the number of states using or not using the family and consumer sciences national standards, components of 16 areas of study most/least used, and the attitudes of family and consumer sciences state administrators toward the standards. Data from open-ended questions were analyzed using hand sorting methods to identify common themes related to concerns and models of implementation.;The interview results showed that 93% of these state department of education family and consumer sciences administrators were implementing the national standards in their states. The top reasons identified for implementing the standards were to improve existing curriculum and as an aid in developing new curriculum. Nine of 16 areas of study were identified as most central to programs in states, and 5 of 16 areas were identified as not central.;Four areas of concern were identified by respondents. They included concern about the standards model, the assessment of standards, timelines for revision, and dissemination of information related to standards. A variety of implementation strategies were also identified, many centering around the use of curriculum teams as a model to guide state standards for education in family and consumer sciences.;Family and consumer sciences state department of education administrators were in agreement that the national standards document has had a positive impact on curriculum development. They also agreed that national standards were a positive tool for public relations and for promoting a positive image of family and consumer sciences as a discipline.</p

Family and Consumer Sciences Professionals: A Long History of Involvement in Water Related Issues

From the beginning of the field of Family and Consumer Sciences (formerly Home Economics) water quality has been a topic of utmost importance. Ellen Swallow Richards, the founder of this field, was the first female student admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1871. One of Richards’ key research interests was investigating water quality. As a result of her twelve year study of Massachusetts’s waterways, the state was the first to propose water quality standards. The Cooperative Extension Service in the United States was established through the Smith-Lever Act in 1914. The Extension system exists in all 50 states with the goal of bringing non-biased research based information to all citizens. Family and Consumer Sciences is one part of the Extension system. Following in the historical tradition of the study of water quality in this field, Extension personnel have developed water quality and water conservation programs that are being utilized throughout the country. This presentation will include an overview of the historical study of water quality in the field of family and consumer sciences. This historical basis of the field will be linked to current practice. We will present an overview of Extension based water related programs in existence throughout the country. These programs include curricula for varying age groups, targeting diverse water quality and conservation topics. The programs include online and face to face options. We will compare and contrast the options available. We will also present information available related to the dissemination and effectiveness of the programs

An optimal defense strategy for phenolic glycoside production in Populus trichocarpa--isotope labeling demonstrates secondary metabolite production in growing leaves.

Large amounts of carbon are required for plant growth, but young, growing tissues often also have high concentrations of defensive secondary metabolites. Plants' capacity to allocate resources to growth and defense is addressed by the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis and the optimal defense hypothesis, which make contrasting predictions. Isotope labeling can demonstrate whether defense compounds are synthesized from stored or newly fixed carbon, allowing a detailed examination of these hypotheses. Populus trichocarpa saplings were pulse-labeled with 13CO2 at the beginning and end of a growing season, and the 13C signatures of phenolic glycosides (salicinoids), sugars, bulk tissue, and respired CO2 were traced over time. Half of the saplings were also subjected to mechanical damage. Populus trichocarpa followed an optimal defense strategy, investing 13C in salicinoids in expanding leaves directly after labeling. Salicinoids turned over quickly, and their production continued throughout the season. Salicin was induced by early-season damage, further demonstrating optimal defense. Salicinoids appear to be of great value to P. trichocarpa, as they command new C both early and late in the growing season, but their fitness benefits require further study. Export of salicinoids between tissues and biochemical pathways enabling induction also needs research. Nonetheless, the investigation of defense production afforded by isotope labeling lends new insights into plants' ability to grow and defend simultaneously

Anti-Glycoprotein H Antibody Impairs the Pathogenicity of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Skin Xenografts in the SCID Mouse Model▿

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection is usually mild in healthy individuals but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised patients. Prophylaxis with varicella-zoster immunoglobulin can reduce the severity of VZV if given shortly after exposure. Glycoprotein H (gH) is a highly conserved herpesvirus protein with functions in virus entry and cell-cell spread and is a target of neutralizing antibodies. The anti-gH monoclonal antibody (MAb) 206 neutralizes VZV in vitro. To determine the requirement for gH in VZV pathogenesis in vivo, MAb 206 was administered to SCID mice with human skin xenografts inoculated with VZV. Anti-gH antibody given at 6 h postinfection significantly reduced the frequency of skin xenograft infection by 42%. Virus titers, genome copies, and lesion size were decreased in xenografts that became infected. In contrast, administering anti-gH antibody at 4 days postinfection suppressed VZV replication but did not reduce the frequency of infection. The neutralizing anti-gH MAb 206 blocked virus entry, cell fusion, or both in skin in vivo. In vitro, MAb 206 bound to plasma membranes and to surface virus particles. Antibody was internalized into vacuoles within infected cells, associated with intracellular virus particles, and colocalized with markers for early endosomes and multivesicular bodies but not the trans-Golgi network. MAb 206 blocked spread, altered intracellular trafficking of gH, and bound to surface VZV particles, which might facilitate their uptake and targeting for degradation. As a consequence, antibody interference with gH function would likely prevent or significantly reduce VZV replication in skin during primary or recurrent infection