The Impacts of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment: A Survey of Teachers in Gomal University, D. I. Khan (KPK) Pakistan

The present study focuses on the impact of job satisfaction on organizational commitment. This study is a struggle in line with the researcher of the world which focus on the different predictors such as work, pay, supervision, promotion, co-worker and work-environment and their effect on the organizational commitment and overall satisfaction of teachers in Gomal university dera Ismail khan. The main objectives of the study were to explore the levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among the employees of a public sector organization (Gomal University, DIK) with a view to analyze the impacts of employees’ satisfaction on their commitment to their work. The research hypotheses that the Independents are highly correlated with Overall Satisfaction & Organizational Commitment, the Predictors Determine Overall Satisfaction (OS) and the Predictors Explain the Organizational Commitment (OC) were tested. The population of this study consists of all the Academicians in Gomal University, DIK, and K.P.K. A sample of 124 respondents was selected using stratified sampling from the groups of professors, associate professors, assistant professors and lecturers. The regression was used for data analysis. The result shows that the correlation between the predictors (work, pay, supervision, promotion, coworker, work environment & overall satisfaction) and criterion variables (Overall Satisfaction & Organizational Commitment) are highly significant and the Predictors Determine Overall Satisfaction (OS) and also the Predictors Explain the Organizational Commitment

Large scale model predictions on the effect of GDL thermal conductivity and porosity on PEM fuel cell performance

The performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell majorly relies on properties of gas diffusion layer (GDL) which supports heat and mass transfer across the membrane electrode assembly. A novel approach is adopted in this work to analyze the activity of GDL during fuel cell operation on a large-scale model. The model with mesh size of 1.3 million computational cells for 50 cm2 active area was simulated by parallel computing technique via computer cluster. Grid independence study showed less than 5% deviation in criterion parameter as mesh size was increased to 1.8 million cells. Good approximation was achieved as model was validated with the experimental data for Pt loading of 1 mg cm-2. The results showed that GDL with higher thermal conductivity prevented PEM from drying and led to improved protonic conduction. GDL with higher porosity enhanced the reaction but resulted in low output voltage which demonstrated the effect of contact resistance. In addition, reduced porosity under the rib regions was significant which resulted in lower gas diffusion and heat and water accumulation

Large scale model predictions on the effect of GDL thermal conductivity and porosity on PEM fuel cell performance

The performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell majorly relies on properties of gas diffusion layer (GDL) which supports heat and mass transfer across the membrane electrode assembly. A novel approach is adopted in this work to analyze the activity of GDL during fuel cell operation on a large-scale model. The model with mesh size of 1.3 million computational cells for 50 cm2 active area was simulated by parallel computing technique via computer cluster. Grid independence study showed less than 5% deviation in criterion parameter as mesh size was increased to 1.8 million cells. Good approximation was achieved as model was validated with the experimental data for Pt loading of 1 mg cm-2. The results showed that GDL with higher thermal conductivity prevented PEM from drying and led to improved protonic conduction. GDL with higher porosity enhanced the reaction but resulted in low output voltage which demonstrated the effect of contact resistance. In addition, reduced porosity under the rib regions was significant which resulted in lower gas diffusion and heat and water accumulation

An experimental study on comparison between proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique and conventional physical therapy on lower extremity function of cerebral palsy

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) has prevalence of 2 to 2.5 per 1000 live births. Causes of CP are still not known significantly. There are many risk factors of CP are known now a days. CP can cause other secondary abnormalities in musculoskeletal system like low muscle power, tightness, and many other bony and structural changes and also in gait. There are five different levels of gross motor function in which level I is the highest level and level V is the last level. This classification is according to the GMFCS. Objective: To determine the efficacy of conventional therapy and PNF techniques in reducing spasticity and improving gross motor function in subjects with cerebral palsy. Methods: Total 36 patients were divided equally into 2 groups. They were assessed at pretreatment, 4th and 8th session of treatment using GMFCS and Modified Ashworth Scale. Group A received PNF stretching (Contract-Relax Method) and Group B received Muscle passive stretching. Results: At post treatment assessment, PNF group had the highest score for GMFCS score (U=155.0, p=0.812), hip flexors spasm (U=121.50, p=0.178), knee flexors spasm (U=129.0, p=0.270), knee extensors spasm (U=152.00, p=0.731) foot dorsiflexors spasm (U=143.50, p= 0.530), foot planter flexors spasm (U=155.00, p=0.817) and on the other hand conventional treatment group had the high score in hip extensors spasm (U=114.50, p=0.098). Conclusion: It is concluded that both the techniques are helpful to enhance the GMFCS score and to reduce the spasticity. PNF stretching has the more positive effects on improving the GMFCS score than that of conventional muscle stretching, in reducing lower limb spasticity except the hip extensors where conventional muscle stretching was more effective

Sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of influenza pneumonia patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan: Findings from a cross-sectional study

Objective: To determine the sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of influenza pneumonia patients in tertiary care hospital, Karachi Pakistan.Study design: A cross-sectional study.Place and duration of study: The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan from January 2013 to December 2018. Methodology: All adult patients who were older than 18 years and suspected to have viral pneumonia were included in the study. Data were abstracted on 105 patients and were entered on preformed proforma after reviewing the files of patients.Results: Ninety-four (89.5%) patients were influenza positive and 15.2% (n=16) had been vaccinated. Around 92.4% (n=97), 81.9% (n=86) and 61.9% (n=65) patients had cough, fever and shortness of breath, respectively; and 63.8% (n=67), 16.2% (n=17), and 2.9% (n=3) patients had consolidation, nodules, and cavitation, respectively. Almost 91.4% (n=96) patients were given treatment and discharged home; however, 7.6% (n=8) died. Procalcitonin, creatinine, HCO3 , lactate, and bilirubin level were increased in 2nd group (mortality group) after 48 hours; however, the results were only significant for HCO3 (p = 0.035).Conclusion: Influenza pneumonia is very common in our population and older people are more likely to be affected by this disease. Patients can be prevented from adverse outcomes and complications, if diagnosed and treated in time

Multiple mechanisms of flaxseed: Effectiveness in inflammatory bowel disease

Materials and methods: Aqueous-methanolic crude extracts of Flaxseed (Fs.Cr) and Flaxseed oil were tested against 6% acetic acid- (AA-) induced colitis in BALB/c mice. Microscopic damage parameters of the hematoxylin and eosin-stained and periodic acid-Schiff-alcian blue-stained sections of the colon were scored to be assessed. Possible antispasmodic mechanism was studied on isolated rabbit jejunum, while antibacterial activity was assessed in vitro for microbes implicated in IBD.Results: In AA-induced colitis, Flaxseed oil was found to be more effective in reducing mortality and colonic ulcers than Fs.Cr at 500 mg/kg dose. Fs.Cr was more efficacious in increasing mucin content as compared to oil, exhibiting slightly greater anti-inflammatory effect (50% vs 35%) and reducing depth of lesion (55% vs 42.31%, respectively). Antispasmodic activity of Fs.Cr (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml) was mediated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEI, possibly PDE-4 subtype) with a resultant increase in cAMP levels. Flaxseed oil PDEI activity was mild (1 and 3 mg/ml). Fs.Cr (0.1 and 0.3 mg/ml) was potent in exhibiting anticholinergic activity, similar to dicyclomine, whereas Flaxseed oil showed anticholinergic effect at 1 and 3 mg/ml. Flaxseed oil (9 and 14 µg/ml) was bactericidal against enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), whereas Fs.Cr exhibited bactericidal effect against EPEC at 100 µg/ml.Conclusions: Results of this study, taken together with previous studies, suggest that Flaxseed possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antispasmodic action through multiple pathways and thus offers promising potential to be developed for IBD

Systematic review of polyherbal combinations used in metabolic syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial disease, whose main stay of prevention and management is life-style modification which is difficult to attain. Combination of herbs have proven more efficacious in multi-targeted diseases, as compared to individual herbs owing to the effect enhancing and side-effect neutralizing properties of herbs, which forms the basis of polyherbal therapies This led us to review literature on the efficacy of herbal combinations in MetS. Methods: Electronic search of literature was conducted by using Cinnahl, Pubmed central, Cochrane and Web of Science, whereas, Google scholar was used as secondary search tool. The key words used were metabolic syndrome, herbal/poly herbal, metabolic syndrome, clinical trial and the timings were limited between 2005-2020. Results: After filtering and removing duplications by using PRISMA guidelines, search results were limited to 41 studies, out of which 24 studies were evaluated for combinations used in animal models and 15 in clinical trials related to metabolic syndrome. SPICE and SPIDER models were used to assess the clinical trials, whereas, a checklist and a qualitative and a semi-quantitative questionnaire was formulated to report the findings for animal based studies. Taxonomic classification of Poly herbal combinations used in animal and clinical studies was designed. Conclusion: With this study we have identified the potential polyherbal combinations along with a proposed method to validate animal studies through systematic qualitative and quantitative review. This will help researchers to study various herbal combinations in MetS, in the drug development process and will give a future direction to research on prevention and management of MetS through polyherbal combinations

BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MICROBES IN AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: A REVIEW

Biotechnology is the most prominent and rapidly growing segment of the biological sciences that is making its diversified application in sustainable agriculture. Biofertilizers, biopesticides, bioherbicides, bioinsecticides, and many of the other fungal based and viral based insecticides, obtained using microorganisms, are some of the outcomes of biotechnology playing a key role in sustainable agriculture. Many of other important food products are also obtained by microbial fermentation. Different microbes are added to get the desired effect of food at the specific stages of food production process. Pharmaceutical microbiology includes the manufacturing of different pharmaceutical and medicinal products. This review article has a wide overview of microbes mainly used in agriculture, food industries, and pharmaceutical industries

Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed salmonella enterica serotype typhi in an extensively drug-resistant outbreak setting of Hyderabad, Pakistan: A cohort study

Background: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S Typhi) is a major public health problem in low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and impact of the typhoid conjugate vaccine Typbar-TCV against S Typhi among children in an outbreak setting of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S Typhi in Pakistan.Methods: This cohort study was done from Feb 21, 2018, to Dec 31, 2019. A census survey of all households located in the Qasimabad and Latifabad subdistricts of Hyderabad, Pakistan, was done at baseline, and 174 005 households were registered in the census. The Typbar-TCV immunisation campaign was initiated at temporary vaccination centres and 207 000 children aged 6 months to 10 years were vaccinated from Feb 21, 2018, to Dec 31, 2018. Social mobilisers informed parents about the vaccination process. Vaccination records were maintained electronically and linked with the household census surveys. Active surveillance for suspected and blood-culture-confirmed S Typhi was established in hospitals, clinics, and laboratories to assess the following outcomes: cases of suspected typhoid fever, culture-confirmed S Typhi, and antimicrobial resistance. An age-stratified cohort of 1100 vaccinated children was randomly selected from the vaccination registry, tested for Vi-IgG antibodies (data not reported), and followed up fortnightly (via telephone calls or household visits) until Dec 31, 2019, for ascertainment of outcomes during the study period. 20 847 vaccinated and unvaccinated children were randomly selected from the census registry as a quality control cohort and followed up from Oct 1 to Dec 31, 2019, for ascertainment of outcomes. Vaccine effectiveness against suspected, culture-confirmed, and XDR S Typhi was calculated.Findings: 23 407 children from the census registry and surveillance system were included in the vaccine effectiveness analysis. 13 436 (57·4%) children were vaccinated, 12 214 (52·2%) were male, and 10 168 (43·4%) were aged 6-59 months. 5378 (23·0%) of 23 407 children had suspected S Typhi, among whom 775 (14·4%) had culture-confirmed S Typhi and 361 (68·6%) of 526 had XDR S Typhi. Vaccine effectiveness was 55% (95% CI 52-57) against suspected S Typhi (regardless of culture confirmation), 95% (93-96) against culture-confirmed S Typhi, and 97% (95-98) against XDR S Typhi.Interpretation: Typbar-TCV is effective in protecting children against S Typhi infection in an outbreak setting, and was able, with moderate deployment, to curtail a major XDR S Typhi outbreak in a densely populated setting. The vaccine shows efficacy against S Typhi irrespective of antimicrobial resistance.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation