Action Of Essential Oils From Brazilian Native And Exotic Medicinal Species On Oral Biofilms

Background: Essential oils (EO) obtained from twenty medicinal and aromatic plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the EO was evaluates by microdilution method determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. Chemical analysis of the oils compounds was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). The most active EO were also investigated as to their actions on the biolfilm formation. Results: The most of the essential oils (EO) presented moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens (MIC - Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations values between 0.007 and 1.00mg/mL). The essential oil from Coriandrum sativum inhibited all oral species with MIC values from 0.007 to 0.250mg/mL, and MBC/MFC (Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations) from 0.015 to 0.500mg/mL. On the other hand the essential oil of C. articulatus inhibited 63.96% of S. sanguis biofilm formation. Through Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM) images no changes were observed in cell morphology, despite a decrease in biofilm formation and changes on biofilm structure. Chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the C. sativum essential oil revealed major compounds derivatives from alcohols and aldehydes, while Cyperus articulatus and Aloysia gratissima (EOs) presented mono and sesquiterpenes. Conclusions: In conclusion, the crude oil from C. articulatus exhibited the best results of antimicrobial activity e ability to control biofilm formation. The chemical analysis showed the presence of terpenes and monoterpenes such as a-pinene, a-bulnesene and copaene. The reduction of biofilms formation was confirmed from SEM images. The results of this research shows a great potential from the plants studied as new antimicrobial sources.141Kolenbrander, P.E., Oral microbial communities: biofilms, interactions, and genetic systems (2000) Annu Rev Microbiol, 54, pp. 413-437Spratt, P.A., Pratten, J., Biofilms and the oral cavity (2003) Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 2, pp. 463-467Kolembrander, P.E., Multispecies communities: interspecies interactions influence growth on saliva as sole nutritional source (2011) Int J Oral Sci, 3, pp. 49-54Marsh, P.D., Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style (2005) J Clin Periodontol, 32, pp. 7-15Bernimoulin, J.P., Recent concepts in plaque formation (2003) J Clin Periodontol, 30, pp. 7-9Marsh, P.D., Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? (2003) Microbiology, 149, pp. 279-294Filoche, S.K., Soma, K., Sissons, C.H., Antimicrobial effects of essencial oils in combination with chlorexidine digluconate (2005) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 20, pp. 221-225Rosenthal, S., Spangberg, L., Safavi, K., Conn, F., Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin (2004) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 98, pp. 488-492Zheng, C.Y., Wang, Z.H., Effects of chlorhexidine, listerine and fluoride listerine mouthrinses on four putative root-caries pathogens in the biofilm (2011) Chin J Dent Res, 14, pp. 135-140Lang, G., Buchbauer, G., A review on recent research results (2008-2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals (2012) Rev Flavour Fragr J, 27, pp. 13-39Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L., Ferret, A., Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rúmen microbial fermentation (2007) J Dairy Sci, 6, pp. 2580-2595Khan, A., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., Induction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of the antifungal action of three phenylpropanoids (2011) FEMS Yeast Res, 11, pp. 114-122Cha, J.D., Jeong, M.R., Jeong, S.I.I., Moon, S.E., Kil, B.S., Yun, S.I.I., Lee, K.Y., Song, Y.H., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cryptomeria japonica (2007) Phytother Res, 21, pp. 295-299Maggi, F., Cacchini, C., Cresci, A., Coman, M.M., Tirillini, B., Sagratini, G., Papa, F., Vittori, S., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hypericum hircinum L. Subsp. majus essential oil (2010) Chem Nat Compd, 1, pp. 125-129Nascimento, P.F.C., Alviano, W.S., Nascimento, A.L.C., Santos, P.O., Arrigoni-Blank, M.F., Jesus, R.A., Azevedo, V.G., Trindade, R.C., Hyptis pectinata essential oil: chemical composition and anti-Streptococcus mutans activity (2008) Oral Dis, 14, pp. 485-489Gorelov, V.E., Aksel'rod, L.S., Migalisnkaya, L.N., An investigation of the hydraulics and effectiveness of fractionation columns with sieve packing (1971) Chem Petrol Eng, 7, pp. 211-214Duarte, M.C.T., Figueira, G.M., Sartoratto, A., Rehder, V.L., Delarmelina, C., Anti-Candida activity of Brazilian medicinal plants (2005) J Ethnopharmacol, 97, pp. 305-311Adams, R.P., (2007) Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4. , USA: Allured publishing Edited by Carol Stream Ill(2002) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for yeast, , Approved Standard CLSI document M27-A2. Volume 22 2nd edition. Edited by: FortWayne Ind USA(2005) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, , In Approved Standard CLSI document M07-A6. Volume 26 6th edition. Edited by: FortWayne Ind USAHafidh, R.R., Abdulamir, A.S., Vern, L.S., Bakar, F.A., Abas, F., Jahanshiri, F., Sekawi, Z., Inhibition of growth of highly resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens by a natural product (2011) Open Microbiol J, 5, pp. 96-106Niu, C., Gilbert, E.S., Colorimetric method for identifying plant essential Oil components that affect biofilm formation and structure (2004) Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, pp. 6951-6956Djordjevic, D., Wiedmann, M., McLandsborough, L.A., Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation (2002) Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, pp. 2950-2958Hawser, S.P., Douglas, L.J., Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro (1994) Infect Immun, 62, pp. 915-921Furletti, V.F., Teixeira, I.P., Obando-Pereda, G., Mardegan, R.C., Sartoratto, A., Figueira, G.M., Duarte, R.M.T., Höfling, J.F., Action of Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil upon oral Candida albicans biofilm formation (2011) Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, pp. 1-9. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/985832Oladusu, I.A., Usman, L.A., Olawore, N.O., Atata, R.F., Antibacterial activity of rhizomes essential oils of types of Cyperus articulatus Growing in Nigeria (2011) Ad Bio Res, 5, pp. 179-183Botelho, M.A., Nogueira, N.A.P., Bastos, G.M., Fonseca, S.G.C., Lemos, T.L.G., Matos, F.J.A., Montenegro, D., Brito, G.A.C., Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens (2007) Braz J Med Biol Res, 40, pp. 349-356Donlan, R.M., Costerton, J.W., Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms (2002) Clin Microbiol Rev, 15, pp. 167-193Hope, C.K., Wilson, M., Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral-biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity (2004) Antimicrob Agents Ch, 48, pp. 1461-1468Chandra, J., Antifungal resistance of Candida biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro (2003) J Dent Res, 80, pp. 903-908Hendry, E.R., Worthington, T., Conway, B.R., Lambert, P.A., Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole against microorganisms grow in planktonic and biofilm cultures (2009) J Antimicrob Chemother, 64, pp. 1219-1225Carson, C.F., Me, B.J., Riley, T.V., Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, pp. 1914-1920Martins, A., Salgueiro, L.R., Gonçalves, M.J., Proença, S.C., Vila, A., Canigueral, R., Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Santiria trimera bark (2003) Planta Med, 69, pp. 77-79Galvão, L.C.C., Furletti, V.F., Bersan, S.M.F., Cunha, M.G., Ruiz, A.L.T.G., Carvalho, J.E., Sartoratto, A., Rosalen, P.L., Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against streptococcus mutans and their antiproliferative effects (2012) J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 40, pp. 1-12Douglas, L.J., Candida biofilms and their role in infection (2004) Trends Microbiol, 11, pp. 30-36Begnami, A.F., Duarte, M.C.T., Furletti, V., Rehder, V.L.G., Antimicrobial potential of Coriandrum sativum L. against different Candida species in vitro (2010) Food Chem, 118, pp. 74-77Dorman, H., Deans, S., Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils (2000) J Appl Microbiol, 88, pp. 308-316Mercier, B., Prost, J., Prost, M., The essential oil of turpentine and its major volatile fraction (alpha-and beta-pinenes): a review (2009) Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 22, pp. 331-342Delaquis, P.J., Stanich, K., Girard, B., Mazza, G., Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils (2001) Int J Food Microbiol, 74, pp. 101-109Kim, K., Kim, Y., Yu, H., Jeong, S., Cha, J., Kil, B., You, Y., Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Chrysanthemun boreal (2003) Planta Med, 69, pp. 274-277Silva, F., Ferreira, S., Queiroz, J.A., Domingues, F.C., Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oils: its antibacterial activity and mode of action evaluated by flow cytometry (2011) J Med Microbiol, 60, pp. 1479-1486Khan, A., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., Ocimum sanctum essential oil and its active principles exert their antifungal activity by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity (2010) Res Microbiol, 161, pp. 816-823Pavithra, P.S., Sreevidya, N., Verma, R.S., Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of essential oil of Pamburus missionis (2009) J Ethnopharmacol, 124, pp. 151-153Magwa, M.L., Gundidza, M., Gwerua, N., Humphrey, G., Chemical composition and biological activities essential oil from the leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum (2006) J Ethnopharmacol, 103, pp. 85-8

Isolation And 13c Nmr Of Polyacetylenes From Baccharis Eleagnoides

From Baccharis eleagnoides, baccharis oxide and four polyacetylenes were isolated. This is the first time that (1,7E,9Z,15E)-heptadecatetraene-11,13-diyne is mentioned in the literature. The 13C nmr of the natural polyacetylenes is reported.53369269

Evaluation Of The Levels Of The Lignans Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin And Niranthin In "quebra-pedra" (phyllanthus Amarus Schumach. & Thonn.) Under Water Deficit Condition [avaliação Dos Teores Das Lignanas Filantina, Hipofilantina E Nirantina Em Quebra-pedra (phyllanthus Amarus Schumach. & Thonn.), Sob Condições De Deficiência Hídrica]

Phyllanthus amarus is widely used in the treatment of several diseases, especially hepatitis B, and presents in its constitution lignans of pharmacologic interest, mainly phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and niranthin. Different environmental conditions can affect the plant chemical constitution and interfere with the levels of those substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water deficit (WD) influence on phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and niranthin production in two Phyllanthus amarus accesses grown in pots kept in a greenhouse from Piracicaba County, São Paulo State, Brazil. Five treatments were tested: field capacity, besides 3, 6, 9, and 12 days without irrigation. Plant height, lipid peroxidation, and soil moisture level and active principle content through GC-MS were assessed in all treatments. WD led to a decrease in plant height in both evaluated accesses. Water availability (moisture based on weight) reduced from 100% in field capacity to 2% at 12 days, which led to a height decrease of 22% in access 14 and of 1.3% in access 7. Lipid peroxidation was significant in plants from the third day of water deficit - moderate between 3 and 6 days and more severe from the ninth day. As regards lignan levels under WD, access 14 had increases of 140% phyllanthin, 118% niranthin and 40% hypophyllanthin, whereas in access 7 these increases were less significant and occurred under moderate WD. Increased active principle content was detected in access 14 under WD.1046775Asha, V.V., Further studies on the antihepatotoxic activity of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn (2004) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92 (1), pp. 67-70Andrade, F.M.C., Casali, V.W.D., (1999) Plantas Medicinais e Aromáticas: Relação Com o Ambiente, Colheita e Metabolismo Secundário, 139p. , Viçosa: Universidade Federal de ViçosaBaher, Z.F., The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in Satureja hortensis L (2002) Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17, pp. 275-277Balbaa, S.I., Satisfying the requirements of medicinal plant cultivation (1983) Acta Horticulturae, 1 (132), pp. 75-84Brown Jr., K.S., Engenharia ecológica: Novas perspectivas de seleção e manejo de plantas medicinais (1988) Acta Amazônica, 18 (1), pp. 291-303Corrêa Jr., C., (1994) Influência Das Adubações Orgânicas e Químicas na Produção de Camomila Chamomila Recutita (L) Rouschert e de Seu Óleo Essencial, 97p. , Dissertação (Mestrado em Produção Vegetal) - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho", JaboticabalDewick, P.M., The biosynthesis of shikimate metabolites (1995) Natural Product Report, 12 (6), pp. 578-607Franz, C., Nutrient and water management of medicinal and aromatic plants (1983) Acta Horticulturae, 132, pp. 203-215Gosselin, A., Transpiration essential oil gland, epicuticular wax and morphology of Thymus vulgaris are influenced by light intensity and water supply (1996) Journal Horticultural Science, 71 (1), pp. 123-134Heath, R.L., Packer, L., Photoperoxidation in isolated choloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation (1968) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1 (125), pp. 185-188Kurup, S.S., Nalwadi, U.G., Basarkar, P.W., Phenolic biosynthesis in relation to moisture stress in marigold (Tagetes erecta L) (1994) Proceedings... Weihenstephan, Germany, 1994, pp. 488-493. , ACTA HORTICULTURAE: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NATURAL PHENOLS IN PLANT RESISTANCE, 381., Weihenstephan, GermanyLibardi, P.L., (1995) Dinâmica de Água No Solo, p. 497. , Piracicaba: Edição do autorLorenzi, H.E., Matos, F.J.A., (2002) Plantas Medicinais No Brasil: Nativas e Exóticas, 512p. , Nova Odessa: Instituto PlantarumMartins, E.R., (1994) Plantas Medicinais, 220p. , Viçosa: Universidade Federal de ViçosaMatern, U., Grimmig, B., Natural phenols as stress metabolites (1994) Proceedings... Weihenstephan, Germany, 1994, pp. 488-493. , ACTA HORTICULTURAE: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NATURAL PHENOLS IN PLANT RESISTANCE, 381., Weihenstephan, GermanyNautiyal, S., Effect of water stress and antitraspirants on the chlorophyll contents of the leaves of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (1996) The Indian Forester, 122 (11), pp. 1018-1022Peixoto, P.H.P., Aluminum effects on lipid peroxidation and on the activities of enzymes of oxidative metabolism in sorghum (1999) Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 11 (3), pp. 137-143Rehder, V.L.G., Atividade antiproliferativa de lignanas isoladas de Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn (2005) Resumos..., p. 34. , REUNIÃO ANUAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE QUÍMICA, 28., 2005. Poços de Caldas Poços de CaldasShead, A., Effects of Phyllanthus plant extracts on duck hepatitis B virus in vitro and in vivo (1992) Antiviral Research, 2 (18), pp. 127-138Silva, F., Casali, V.W.D., (2000) Plantas Medicinais e Aromáticas: Pós -Colheita e Óleos Essenciais, 135p. , Viçosa: Universidade Federal de ViçosaSimões, M.O.S., Metabolismo básico e origem dos metabólitos secundários (1999) Farmacognosia: Da Planta Ao Medicamento, pp. 323-354. , Porto Alegre: Ed. UniversidadeSingh, B., A new lignan and a new neolignan from Phyllanthus niruri (1989) Journal of Natural Products, 52 (1), pp. 48-51Singh-Sangwan, N., Effect of drought stress on growth and essential oil metabolism in lemongrasses (1994) New Phytologist, 28, pp. 173-179Syamasundar, K.V., Series on liver-protective drugs. Antihepatotoxic principles of Phyllanthus niruri herbs (1985) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 14 (1), pp. 41-44Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., (2004) Plant Physiology, 792p. , Massachusetts: Sinauer AssociatesTongma, S., Allelopatic activity of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia(Hemsl) A.Gray) in soil under natural field conditions and different moisture conditions (2001) Weed Biology and Management, 1, pp. 115-119Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozaki, K., Organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in osmotic- And coldstress-responsive promoters (2005) Trends in Plant Science, 10, pp. 88-94Webster, G.L., Systematic of the Euphorbiaceae (1944) Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden, 81, pp. 1-14

Flowering Of Artemisia Annua L. Plants Submitted To Different Photoperiod And Temperature Conditions

Leaves of A. annua are a plentiful source of artemisinin, a drug with proven effectiveness against malaria disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different photoperiod and temperature conditions in the flowering of clones from one A. annua genotype whose parentages are original from Vietnanm, comparing it with a studied genotype original from China. The experiments were carried out in photoperiodic chambers located inside of plastic houses. The clones were submitted to photoperiods of 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 h, in two natural conditions of temperature: spring/summer (maxim of 37°C and minimum of 19°C) and autumn/winter (maxim of 29°C and minimum of 13°C). In advance, it can be affirmed that the Vietnanm genotype clones presented a photoperiodic behavior of Short-Day Plants (qualitative or absolute) with low temperature or vernalization requirement to have their flowering accelerated. The critical or inductive photoperiod ranged between 11 and 13 h to Vietnanm genotype and 13 and 15 h to Chinese genotype. The Vietnanm genotype plants flourished about 4-5 wk after submitted to the inductive photoperiod, while the Chinese genotype plants flourished in 2 wk. With regard to flowering, A. annua genotypes with different geographical origins can present variations in the behavior under same photoperiod and temperature conditions.569275280Bagchi, G.D., Ram, M., Sharma, S., Kumar, S., Effect of the planting date on growth and development of Artemisia annua under subtropical climatic conditions (1997) J. Med. Aromatics Plant Sci, 19, pp. 387-394Chan, K.L., Teo, C.K.H., Jinadasa, S., Yuen, K.H., Selection of high artemisinin yielding Artemisia annua (1995) Planta Med, 61, pp. 285-287Chen, F.T., Zhang, G.H., Studies on several physiological factors in artemisinin synthesis in Artemisia annua (1987) Plant Physiol. Commun, 5, pp. 26-30Ferreira, J.F.S., (1994) Production and Detection of Artemisinin in Artemisia Annua L., , Purdue University, Purdue, EUA, Ph.D. thesisFerreira, J.F.S., Simon, J.E., Janick, J., Developmental studies of artemisia annua: Flowering and artemisinin production under greenhouse and field conditions (1995) Planta Med, 61, pp. 167-170Ferreira, J.F.S., Janick, J., Distribuition of artemisinin in Artemisia annua (1996) Progress in New Crops, pp. 579-584. , (J.Janick ed.). ASHS Press, ArlingtonGeldre, E.V., Vergauwe, A., Eekhout, E., State of the art of the production of the antimalarial compound artemisinin in plant (1997) Plant Mol. Biol., 33, pp. 199-209Klayman, D.L., Qinghaosu (artemisinin): An antimalarial drug from China (1985) Science, 228, pp. 1049-1055Laughlin, J.C., The influence of distribuition of antimalarial constituents in Artemisia annua L. on time and method of harvest (1995) Acta Hort, 390, pp. 67-73Magalhães, P.M., (1996) Seleção, Melhoramento e Nutrição da Artemisia Annua L., Para Cultivo em Região Intertropical, , Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Brazil Ph.D. thesisMagalhães, P.M., Delabays, N., Sartoratto, A., New hybrid lines of the antimalarial species Artemisia annua L. guarantee its growth in Brazil (1997) Ciência e Cultura, 49, pp. 413-415Marchese, J.A., (1999) Produção e Detecção de Artemisinina em Plantas de Artemisia Annua L. Submetidas A Estresses Abióticos, , Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Brazil, M.S. thesisMorales, M.R., Charles, D.J., Simon, J.E., Seasonal accumulation of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L (1993) Acta Hort, 344, pp. 416-420Pras, N., Visser, J.F., Batterman, S., Woerdenbag, H.J., Malingré, T.M., Laboratory selection of Artemisia annua L. for high artemisinin yelding types (1991) Phytochem. Anal, 2, pp. 80-83Woerdenbag, J.H., Pras, N., Bos, R., Visser, J.F., Hendriks, H., Malingré, T.M., Analysis of artemisinin and related sesquiterpenoids from Artemisia annua L. by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (1991) Phytochem. Anal, 2, pp. 215-219Wallaart, T.E., Pras, N., Beekman, A.C., Quax, J., Seasonal Variation of artemisin and its biosynthetic precursors in plants of Artemisia annua of different geographical origin: Proof for the existence of chemotypes (2000) Planta Med, 66, pp. 57-6

Chemical Composition And Antimicrobial Activity Of Essential Oil From Origanum Applii E O. Vulgare [composição Química E Atividade Antimicrobiana Do óleo Essencial De Origanum Applii E Origanum Vulgare]

The chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of essential oil from O. applii e O. vulgare were studied against the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choterasuis, Rhodococcus equi, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, S. epidermides, Streptococcus faecium e Enterococcus faecium. The essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by bioautography with subsequent MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) determination. The main constituents of O. vulgare e O. applii essential oil was identified (%): p-cimeno, 4,27 and 9,37, a-terpinoleno, 9,13 and 30,23, linalol, 6,35 and 8,75; terpin-4-ol, 24,96 and 3,56 and carvacrol, 17,96 and 11,23, respectively. The essential oil of both Origanum species presented strong activity against Streptococcus faecium and moderate activity against S. choterasuis, S. aureus and B. subtilis.626771Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa Essential Oils against Human Pathogenic Fungi (1998) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemesty, 46, pp. 1739-1745Adams, R.P., (1995) Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry, , Carol Stream: Allured Publ. Corp. 469pAhmad, I., BEG Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens (2001) Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 74 (2), pp. 113-123Aligiannis, N., Kalpoutzakis, E., Mitaku, S., Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two Origanum species (2001) Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, 49, pp. 4168-4170Ali-Shtayeh, M.S.A., Yaghmour, R.M.R.A., Faidi, Y.R.B., Antimicrobial activity of 20 plants used in folkloric medicine in the Palestinian area (1998) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 60 (3), pp. 265-271Baba-Moussa, F., Akpagana, K., Bouchet, P., Antifungal activities of seven West African Combretaceae used in traditional medicine (1999) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 66 (3), pp. 335-338Cecanho, R., Koo, H., Rosalen, P.L.J.A., Efeito do extrato hidroetanólico de Mikania laevigata sobre o crescimento bacteriano e a produção de glucamos por estreptococcus do grupo mutans (1999) Reunião da Federação da Sociedade de Biologia Experimental, 14, 1999, Caxambu, 14, p. 290. , Anais... Caxambu, res. 12095Consentino, S., Tuberoso, C.I.G., Pisano, B., In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian thymus essencial oils (1999) Letters in Applied Microbiology, 29, pp. 130-135Eloff, J.N., A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria (1998) Planta Medica, 64 (8), pp. 711-713Galli, A., Franzetti, L., Briguglio, D., Attività antimicrobica in vitro di oli essenziali ed estratti di spezie di uso alimentare (1985) Industrie Alimentari, pp. 463-466Hulin, V., Mathot, A.G., Mafart, P., Les proprietés anti-microbiennes des huiles essentielles et composés d'arômes (1998) Sciences des Aliments, 18, pp. 563-582Gergis, V., Spiliotis, V., Poulos, C., Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Greek Sideritis species (1987) Pharmazie, 45, p. 70Lentz, D.L., Clark, A.M., Hufford, C.D., Antimicrobial properties of Honduran medicinal plants. Short communication (1998) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 63, pp. 253-263Mahasneh, A.M.A., Adel, M.A., El-Oqlah, A.A.B., Antimicrobial activity of extracts of herbal plants used in the traditional medicine of Jordan (1999) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64 (3), pp. 271-276Martínez, M.J., Betancourt, J., Alonso-González, N., Screening of some Cuban medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity (1996) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 52 (3), pp. 171-174Panizzi, L., Flamini, G., Cioni, P.L., Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of 4 mediterranean Lamiaceae (1993) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 30 (3), pp. 167-170Pereira, N.A., Pereira, B.M.R., Do Nascimento, M.C., Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as snake venom antifotes. IV. Protection against jararaca venom by isolated constituints (1994) Planta Medica, 60, pp. 99-100Slusarenko, A.J., Longland, A.C., Whitehead, I.M., Convenient, sensitive and rapid assay for antibacterial activity of phytoalexins (1998) Botanica Helvetica, 90 (2), pp. 203-207Souza, E.C., Bactérias ultraresistentes: Uma guerra quase perdida (1998) Ciência Hoje, 1138 (23), pp. 26-3

Anthelmintic Activity In Vitro And In Vivo Of Baccharis Trimera (less) Dc Against Immature And Adult Worms Of Schistosoma Mansoni

Although its efficiency against all Schistosoma species, praziquantel (PZQ) shows low efficacy against schistosomula and juvenile stages. The potential for development of resistance to PZQ has justified the search for new alternative chemotherapies. In this scenario, studies to new formulations, more comprehensive and without adverse effects, are being conducted. One viable and promising treatment is the study of medicinal plants as a new approach to the experimental treatment for Schistosomiasis. Amongst all the variety of the medicinal species studied, we can highlight Baccharis trimera (Less) DC, known as ". Carqueja-amarga". This paper not only describes the effect of crude dichloromethane extract (DE) and aqueous fraction (AF) obtained from B. trimera, in vitro but also is the first one that investigates the in vivo efficacy of B. trimera against schistosomula, juvenile and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni BH strain. In the experiment, mice were treated with DE, AF and PZQ (40 and 200. mg/kg) over the period of larval development (3 and 30 post-infection; pi), and adult worms (60. days post-infection; pi). The in vitro results show that the DE and AF effects are dose-dependents, being the 130. μg/mL the most effective one in a shorter period of incubation. The exposure of the in vitro samples over adult parasites were able to inhibit 100% of the oviposition in females. Likewise caused the mortality of the parasites with morphological alterations on the tegument, on the suckers, oral and acetabulum, in both males and females after 6-72. h of exposure. Additionally, the in vivo treatments against juvenile and adult infection were more effective compared to the control group untreated. Administrations of AF and DE in day 30. pi (juvenile worms) show female worm total burden reductions of 75% and 68% respectively. 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Antibacterial activity and chemical compounds of leaves and branches of Protium hebetatum

ABSTRACT The extracts and fractions of leaves and branches of Protium hebetatum D. C. Daly (Burseraceae) were investigated for their antibacterial activity and chemical composition. The methanol extract of branches (EMG) was considered active against the Escherichia coli and the Proteus vulgaris, showing an inhibition zone of 13 mm, and was selected for bioassay-guided phytochemical fractionation. From the technique of broth microdilution, the extract was considered a moderate inhibitor against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 mg/mL. The dichloromethane fraction was considered a moderate inhibitor against S. aureus (MIC of 1 mg/mL) and a potent inhibitor against E. faecalis (MIC of 0.5 mg/mL). F1, F2, F5 and F6 from chromatographic column of dichloromethane fraction were considered moderate inhibitors against S. aureus (MIC of 1 mg/mL). Through analysis by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry, eighteen compounds were identified, from which thirteen (isoeugenol, p-vinylguaiacol, metoxyeugenol, coumarin, 5-hydroxy-scopoletin, 4,7-dihydroxy-6-metoxicromam-2-one, 4[(1E]-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol, piperonal, scoparon, o-guaiacol, spathulenol, seringol and antiarol) are unprecedented in these species. We also identified the triterpenes α-amyrin and β-amyrin, the steroids stigmasterol and sitosterol and the coumarin scopoletin, which was closely linked to the antibacterial activity of the samples

Antiinflammatory And Antiallodynic Actions Of The Lignan Niranthin Isolated From Phyllanthus Amarus. Evidence For Interaction With Platelet Activating Factor Receptor

Previous studies have shown that the extracts obtained from Phyllanthus amarus, and some of the lignans isolated from it, exhibit pronounced antiinflammatory properties. In the present study, we have assessed whether the antiinflammatory actions of these lignans can be mediated by interaction with platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor or interference with the action of this lipid. The local administration of nirtetralin, phyltetralin or niranthin (30 nmol/paw), similar to WEB2170 (a PAF receptor antagonist, 30 nmol/paw), significantly inhibited PAF-induced paw oedema formation in mice. The extracts of P. amarus (100 μg/ml) and niranthin (30 μM), but not nirtetralin or phyltetralin (30 μM), decreased the specific binding of [3H]-PAF in mouse cerebral cortex membranes. Furthermore, both niranthin and WEB2170 displaced, in a concentration-dependent manner, the [3H]-PAF binding sites. The mean IC50 values from these effects were 6.5 μM and 0.3 μM, respectively. Additionally, both niranthin and WEB2170 (30 nmol/paw) inhibited the increase of myeloperoxidase activity induced by PAF injection in the mouse paw. When assessed the mouse model of pleurisy induced by PAF, pretreatment with niranthin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) or WEB2170 (1.7 μmol/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited PAF-induced protein extravasations. Moreover, in the rat model of PAF-induced allodynia, both niranthin (30 nmol/paw) and WEB2170 (30 nmol/paw) treatment significantly inhibited PAF-induced allodynia. In addition, niranthin had a rapid onset and long-lasting antiallodynic action when compared with WEB2170. Collectively, the present findings suggest that niranthin exhibits antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions which are probably mediated through its direct antagonistic action on the PAF receptor binding sites. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. 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