Efeito do manejo de rebrotas de espécies lenhosas da caatinga sobre o crescimento em altura das hastes.

Resumo: O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito do manejo de rebrotas de cinco espécies lenhosas da caatinga sobre o crescimento em altura das hastes. As espécies lenhosas foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado: 1 - preservação de uma haste; 2 - preservação de duas hastes; 3 - preservação de três hastes; 4 - preservação de todas as hastes. As plantas submetidas ao manejo de preservação de uma haste apresentaram maior crescimento de haste e o menor crescimento de haste foi observado para plantas submetidas ao tratamento de preservação de todas as hastes. Dentre as espécies lenhosas estudadas, a jurema preta (Mimosa hostilis) apresentou maior crescimento das hastes e a catingueira (Caesalpinia bracteosa), o menor crescimento de hastes sendo recomendada a sua preservação e uso como recurso forrageiro. A preservação de uma haste por planta propicia o maior crescimento em altura de hastes de espécies lenhosas da caatinga e, a exceção da catingueira, as demais espécies apresentam potencial para produção simultânea de lenha e forragem. [Effect of the management of the sprouts of the tree species of caating on the growth in the height of the stems]. Abstract - The experiment was carried to evaluate the effect of the management of sprouts of five woody species of caatinga on the growth in height of the stems. The woody species were assigned to a completely randomized design to the following treatments: 1-preservation of one stem; 2-preservation of two stems; 3-preservation of three stems; 4-preservation of all of the stems. Plants submitted to the management of preservation of one stem presented larger stem growth and the smallest stem growth was observed for plants submitted to the treatment of preservation of all of the stems. Among the studied woody species, the Mimosa hostilis presented larger growth of the stems and Caesalpinia bracteosa, the smallest growth of stems being recommended to preservation and use as resource forage. The preservation of one stem for plant propitiates the largest growth in height of stems of woody species of caatinga and, the exception of the Caesalpinia bracteosa, the other species present potential for simultaneous production of firewood and forage

Produtividade de linhagens avançadas de amendoim em condições de sequeiro no Nordeste brasileiro.

Onze linhagens avançadas de amendoim, eretas e rasteiras, foram conduzidas em condições de sequeiro, em quatro estados nordestinos, visando-se avaliar a produtividade em vagens e sementes. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no período de 2005 a 2007, nos municípios de Araripina e Parnamirim, PE, Lagarto, SE, Cruz das Almas e Caetité, BA, Campina Grande e Itabaiana, PB. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com 13 tratamentos, constituídos de oito linhagens eretas e cinco rasteiros, com cinco repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram produtividades de vagens e de sementes. Em referência à análise estatística, realizaram-se análises de variância individual e conjunta e se adotou o teste de Tukey (p < 0,05) para comparação das médias dos tratamentos. A cultivar BR 1 foi utilizada como testemunha entre os genótipos eretos. A linhagem ereta LN-1B apresentou maior produção de vagens entre as demais do grupo, com 2.450 kg ha-1, superando a média em 22% e a BR 1, em 11%; a produtividade média em sementes situou-se em 1.665 kg ha-1, correspondendo a 21% acima da média do grupo e 10% acima da BR 1. Entre as linhagens rasteiras as médias de produtividade em vagens e em sementes foram consideradas baixas nas condições estudadas destacando-se, contudo, LI-3, LI-5 e LI-1, que produziram em média entre 1.722 kg ha-1 e 1.154 kg ha-1, e superaram a média do grupo em 9.8 e 10%, respectivamente

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a pre-coating in layer-by-layer films containing phosphotungstate nanoclusters electrochemically sensitive toward s-triazines

One of the major advantages of the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition technique is the possible control of molecular architecture, not only to achieve optimized properties but also to seek synergy among different materials. In this study, LbL films containing nanoclusters of a Keggin type polyoxometalate, phosphotungstic acid (HPW), alternated with the polycation poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) were deposited on indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The electrochemical properties of the hybrid LbL film investigated in acidic conditions indicated no significant desorption of HPW, when a layer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) terminated with 3-aminopropyl groups (PDMS) was previously deposited on the ITO substrate. Such effect occurred because PDMS prevents desorption of HPW from the hybrid film, as shown by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The porous structures of the films were revealed by Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and XPS. PDMS/PAH as a pre-coating allowed the HPW/PAH films to be sensitive to the electrochemical detection of the triazines atrazine and melamine. In conclusion, the precise control of the LbL films architecture is important to develop opportunities for new applications. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.One of the major advantages of the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposition technique is the possible control of molecular architecture, not only to achieve optimized properties but also to seek synergy among different materials. 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Qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de abóbora variedade menina Brasileira.

O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar e correlacionar a qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de abóbora, variedade Menina Brasileira (Cucurbita moschata.). Foram avaliados dois lotes de sementes de abóbora produzidas no sistema agroecológico e quatro no sistema convencional, com e sem tratamento químico. Os lotes foram submetidos aos testes de sanidade, seguindo a metodologia do “Blotter test”, com congelamento, germinação e vigor (primeira contagem, índice de velocidade de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e emergência de plântulas). Os resultados indicaram a separação dos lotes de diferentes origens a partir da qualidade sanitária e fisiológica, onde as maiores incidências de fungos foram observadas nos lotes agroecológicos e o maior potencial fisiológico foi observado nos lotes de origem convencional não tratados. Foram encontrados os fungos Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus stolonifer e Phoma terrestris. A qualidade sanitária não interferiu na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de abóbora, variedade Menina Brasileira

Black hole thermodynamical entropy

As early as 1902, Gibbs pointed out that systems whose partition function diverges, e.g. gravitation, lie outside the validity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) theory. Consistently, since the pioneering Bekenstein-Hawking results, physically meaningful evidence (e.g., the holographic principle) has accumulated that the BG entropy $S_{BG}$ of a $(3+1)$ black hole is proportional to its area $L^2$ ($L$ being a characteristic linear length), and not to its volume $L^3$. Similarly it exists the \emph{area law}, so named because, for a wide class of strongly quantum-entangled $d$-dimensional systems, $S_{BG}$ is proportional to $\ln L$ if $d=1$, and to $L^{d-1}$ if $d>1$, instead of being proportional to $L^d$ ($d \ge 1$). These results violate the extensivity of the thermodynamical entropy of a $d$-dimensional system. This thermodynamical inconsistency disappears if we realize that the thermodynamical entropy of such nonstandard systems is \emph{not} to be identified with the BG {\it additive} entropy but with appropriately generalized {\it nonadditive} entropies. Indeed, the celebrated usefulness of the BG entropy is founded on hypothesis such as relatively weak probabilistic correlations (and their connections to ergodicity, which by no means can be assumed as a general rule of nature). Here we introduce a generalized entropy which, for the Schwarzschild black hole and the area law, can solve the thermodynamic puzzle.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in EPJ

Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis), an anciently consumed stimulant from the Amazon rain forest: the seeded-fruit transcriptome.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) is a plant native to the central Amazon basin. Roasted seed extracts have been used as medicinal beverages since pre-Colombian times, due to their reputation as stimulants, aphrodisiacs, tonics, as well as protectors of the gastrointestinal tract. Guarana plants are commercially cultivated exclusively in Brazil to supply the national carbonated soft-drink industry and natural product stores around the world. In this report, we describe and discuss the annotation of 15,387 ESTs from guarana seeded-fruits, highlighting sequences from the flavonoid and purine alkaloid pathways, and those related to biotic stress avoidance. This is the largest set of sequences registered for the Sapindaceae family

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). METHODS/DESIGN: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH2O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure 6430 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. DISCUSSION: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration metho