Cestode infections in non-human primates suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles in the area surrounding the Strasbourg primatology center

Background: Several cases of infections due to Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia martis and Taenia crassiceps were recently described in various species of captive non-human primates (NHPs) harbored in the Strasbourg Primate Center (SPC). Furthermore, one of the first cases of human cysticercosis due to T. martis was described in the Strasbourg region. These data suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles of tapeworm infections in the direct environment of the SPC. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of larval cestode infections among intermediate and definitive hosts in the close neighborhood of the center. We analyzed carnivore mammal fecal samples as well as rodent carcasses, collected inside or near the SPC, using PCR. Furthermore, we performed serology for Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp. on NHP sera. Results: We found that 14.5% (95% CI [8.6; 20.4]) of 138 carnivore feces were positive for E. multilocularis-DNA, as well as 25% (95% CI [5.5; 57.2]) of 12 rodent carcasses, and 5.1% (95% CI [1.4; 8.7]) for T. martis or T. crassiceps. Of all NHPs tested, 10.1% (95% CI [3.8; 16.4]) were seropositive for Echinococcus spp. and 8.2% (95% CI [1.3; 15.1]) for Taenia spp. Conclusions: Our data support the existence of zoonotic cycles of larval cestode infections in the direct environment of the primatology center affecting NHPs harbored in the SPC, potentially threatening the human population living in this area. Since this zoonotic risk is borne by local wildlife, and given the severity of these infections, it seems necessary to put in place measures to protect captive NHPs, and further studies to better assess the risk to human populations

Lipidome determinants of maximal lifespan in mammals

Maximal lifespan of mammalian species, even if closely related, may differ more than 10-fold, however the nature of the mechanisms that determine this variability is unresolved. Here, we assess the relationship between maximal lifespan duration and concentrations of more than 20,000 lipid compounds, measured in 669 tissue samples from 6 tissues of 35 species representing three mammalian clades: primates, rodents and bats. We identify lipids associated with species’ longevity across the three clades, uncoupled from other parameters, such as basal metabolic rate, body size, or body temperature. These lipids clustered in specific lipid classes and pathways, and enzymes linked to them display signatures of greater stabilizing selection in long-living species, and cluster in functional groups related to signaling and protein-modification processes. These findings point towards the existence of defined molecular mechanisms underlying variation in maximal lifespan among mammals.The National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 31420103920), Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant XDB13010200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 91331203), the National One Thousand Foreign Experts Plan (grant WQ20123100078), the Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant GJHZ201313) and the Federal Targeted Program for Research and Development in Priority Areas of Advancement of the Russian Scientific and Technological Complex for 2014–2020 (the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation), grant № 14.615.21.0002, the Unique identifier of the agreement: RFMEFI61515×0002. Additional support was obtained from the European Research Council (advanced grant 294678 to GRL).http://www.nature.com/scientificreportsam2017Zoology and Entomolog

Intérêt du rayonnement synchrotron dans la thérapie des tumeurs cérébrales : méthodologie et applications précliniques

Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) and Stereotactic Synchrotron Radiation Therapy (SSRT) are innovative techniques currently developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. These techniques led to promising, but rarely reproduced, results. The use of different tumoral models for each techniques limit comparisons.MRT experiments on rats bearing 9L tumors 14 days after implantation displayed a double median survival time (from 20 to 40 days) with a 200 µm spacing irradiation, while a 100 µm spacing irradiation tripled this median (67 days) but damaged normal tissue. The impact of the device dividing synchrotron beam into microbeams, named multislit collimator, was also demonstrated. Combination of drugs with MRT irradiation was tested. Promising results (median survival time: 40 days and 30 % of long term survivors) were obtained with an intratumoral injection of gadolinium coupled with a crossfiring MRT irradiation at 460 Gy. Moreover, earlier MRT irradiation (tumor at D10) quadrupled the median survival time (79 days) with 30% of long term survivors. A new imaging device to target the tumor before irradiation and an adapted collimator will increased the MRT results. As the differences existing between tumoral models used in MRT (9L models) and in SSRT (F98 models) are major, MRT/SSRT comparative experiments were realized on these two models. Results showed that the 2 techniques have the same efficacy on F98 model and that the MRT is more effective on 9L model. This can help to define adapted tumor type for these techniques.La Thérapie par MicroFaisceaux (MRT) et la Thérapie Stéréotaxique par Rayonnement Synchrotron (SSRT) sont des techniques innovantes de radiothérapie expérimentale développées actuellement à l'ESRF. L'utilisation de modèles tumoraux différents pour chaque technique limite leur comparaison. En MRT, sur rats porteurs de tumeur 9L, la médiane de survie des rats contrôle est doublée (de 20 jours à 40 jours) lors d'irradiation avec un espacement de 200 µm entre les microfaisceaux voire triplée (67 jours) à 100 µm d'espacement (mais provoquant alors d'importantes lésions du tissu sain). L'influence importante du collimateur multifentes, a également été démontrée. La combinaison de diverses drogues avec la technique de MRT a été testée. Des résultats prometteurs (médiane de survie de 40 jours et 30% de survivants à long terme) sont obtenus en injectant du gadolinium en intracérébral avant une irradiation MRT en faisceaux croisés à 460 Gy. De plus, l'irradiation MRT de tumeurs à stade plus précoce permet de quadrupler la médiane de survie (79 jours) et d'obtenir 30% de survivants à long terme. La mise en place d'un ciblage de la tumeur par imagerie avant l'irradiation et l'utilisation d'un collimateur adapté permettront d'améliorer encore ces résultats. Les différences entre les deux modèles tumoraux utilisés en MRT (modèle 9L) et en SSRT (modèle F98) étant importantes des expériences comparatives MRT/SSRT ont été réalisées sur ces deux modèles. Les résultats obtenus montrent une efficacité proche des 2 techniques sur le modèle F98 et une meilleure efficacité de la MRT sur le modèle 9L. Ces résultats pourront permettre d'orienter le type tumoral adapté à chaque technique

Thérapie par micro-faisceaux appliquée à la pathologie tumorale cérébrale chez le rat

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Intérêt du rayonnement synchrotron dans la thérapie des tumeurs cérébrales (méthodologie et applications précliniques )

La Thérapie par MicroFaisceaux (MRT) et la Thérapie Stéréotaxique par Rayonnement Synchrotron (SSRT) sont des techniques innovantes de radiothérapie expérimentale développées actuellement à l'ESRF. L'utilisation de modèles tumoraux différents pour chaque technique limite leur comparaison. En MRT, sur rats porteurs de tumeur 9L, la médiane de survie des rats contrôle est doublée (de 20 jours à 40 jours) lors d'irradiation avec un espacement de 200 JLm entre les microfaisceaux voire triplée (67 jours) à 100 JLm d'espacement (mais provoquant alors d'importantes lésions du tissu sain). L'influence importante du collimateur multifentes, a également été démontrée. La combinaison de diverses drogues avec la technique de MRT a été testée. Des résultats prometteurs (médiane de survie de 40 jours et 30% de survivants à long terme) sont obtenus en injectant du gadolinium en intracérébral avant une irradiation MRT en faisceaux croisés à 460 Gy. De plus, l'irradiation MRT de tumeurs à stade plus précoce permet de quadruplé la médiane de survie (79 jours) et d'obtenir 30% de survivants à long terme. La mise en place d'un ciblage de la tumeur par imagerie avant l'irradiation et l'utilisation d'un collimateur adapté permettront d'améliorer encore ces résultats. Les différences entre les deux modèles tumoraux utilisés en MRT (modèle 9L) et en SSRT (modèle F98) étant importantes des expériences comparatives MRT/SSRT ont été réalisées sur ces deux modèles. Les résultats obtenus montrent une efficacité proche des 2 techniques sur le modèle F98 et une meilleure efficacité de la MRT sur le modèle 9L. Ces résultats pourront permettre d'orienter le type tumoral adapté à chaque technique.Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) and Stereotactic Synchrotron Radiation Therapy (SSRT) are innovative techniques currently developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. These techniques led to promising, but rarely reproduced, results. The use of different tumoral models for each techniques limit comparisons. MRT experiments on rats bearing 9L tumors 14 days after implantation displayed a double median survival time (from 20 to 40 days) with a 200 JLm spacing irradiation, while a 100 JLm spacing irradiation tripled this median (67 days) but damaged normal tissue. The impact of the device dividing synchrotron beam into microbeams, named multislit collimator, was also demonstrated. Combination of drugs with MRT irradiation was tested. Promising results (median survival time: 40 days and 30 % oflong term survivors) were obtained with an intratumoral injection of gadolinium coupled with a crossfiring MRT irradiation at 460 Gy. Moreover, earlier MRT irradiation (tumor at DIO) quadrupled the median survival time (79 days) with 30% of long term survivors. A new imaging device to target the tumor before irradiation and an adapted collimator will increased the MRT results. As the differences existing between tumoral models used in MRT (9L models) and in SSRT (F98 models) are major, MRT/SSRT comparative experiments were realized on these two models. Results showed that the 2 techniques have the same efficacy on F98 model and that the MRT is more effective on 9L mode!. This can help to define adapted tumor type for these techniques.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Protective effects of the imidazoline-like drug lnp599 in a marmoset model of obesity-induced metabolic disorders

International audienc

Cestode infections in non-human primates suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles in the area surrounding the Strasbourg primatology center

International audienceBackground: Several cases of infections due to Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia martis and Taenia crassiceps were recently described in various species of captive non-human primates (NHPs) harbored in the Strasbourg Primate Center (SPC). Furthermore, one of the first cases of human cysticercosis due to T. martis was described in the Strasbourg region. These data suggest the existence of zoonotic cycles of tapeworm infections in the direct environment of the SPC. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of larval cestode infections among intermediate and definitive hosts in the close neighborhood of the center. We analyzed carnivore mammal fecal samples as well as rodent carcasses, collected inside or near the SPC, using PCR. Furthermore, we performed serology for Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp. on NHP sera. Results: We found that 14.5% (95% CI [8.6; 20.4]) of 138 carnivore feces were positive for E. multilocularis-DNA, as well as 25% (95% CI [5.5; 57.2]) of 12 rodent carcasses , and 5.1% (95% CI [1.4; 8.7]) for T. martis or T. crassiceps. Of all NHPs tested, 10.1% (95% CI [3.8; 16.4]) were seropositive for Echinococcus spp. and 8.2% (95% CI [1.3; 15.1]) for Taenia spp. Conclusions: Our data support the existence of zoonotic cycles of larval cestode infections in the direct environment of the primatology center affecting NHPs harbored in the SPC, potentially threatening the human population living in this area. Since this zoonotic risk is borne by local wildlife, and given the severity of these infections, it seems necessary to put in place measures to protect captive NHPs, and further studies to better assess the risk to human populations. Ré sumé-Des cestodoses chez des primates non humains suggèrent l'existence de cycles zoonotiques dans la région du centre de primatologie de Strasbourg. Contexte : Plusieurs cas de cestodoses larvaires dues à Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia martis et T. crassiceps ont été récemment décrits chez des primates non-humains (PNH) captifs appartenant à diverses espèces, hébergés au Centre de Primatologie de Strasbourg (CdP). De plus, un des premiers cas humains de cysticercose due à T. martis a été décrit dans la région de Strasbourg. Ces données suggèrent l'émergence d'un nouveau foyer parasitaire dans l'environnement direct du CdP. Le but de notre étude était d'évaluer la prévalence des cestodoses larvaires chez les hôtes intermédiaires et définitifs de ces parasites dans le proche voisinage du CdP. Nous avons analysé des échantillons de selles de mammifères carnivores, ainsi que des carcasses de rongeurs, collectés à l'intérieur ou aux alentours du CdP. De plus, nous avons réalisé des sérologies pour Echinococcus spp. et Taenia spp. sur des sérums de PNH. Résultats : Nous avons trouvé que 14,5 % (IC95 % [8,6 ; 20,4]) des 138 selles de carnivores étaient positives pour E. multilocularis, ainsi que 25 % (IC95 % [5,5 ; 57,2]) des 12 carcasses de rongeur, et 5,1 % (IC95 % [1,4 ; 8,7]) pour T. martis ou T. crassiceps. De tous les PNH testés, 10,1 % (IC95 % [3,8 ; 16,4]) étaient positifs pour Echinococcus spp. et 8,2 % (IC95 % [1,3 ; 15,1]) pour Taenia spp. Conclusions : Nos données suggèrent l'existence de cycles zoonotiques de cestodoses larvaires dans l'environnement direct du centre de primatologie, affectant les PNH This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. OPEN ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE hébergés au CdP et menaçant potentiellement les populations humaines vivant dans cette zone. Ce risque zoonotique étant porté par la faune sauvage locale, et comptes tenus de la sévérité de ces infections, il semble nécessaire de mettre en place des mesures afin de protéger les PNH captifs, et de plus larges études afin d'évaluer le risque pour les populations humaines environnantes

BMC Vet. Res.

BACKGROUND: Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, is a fox tapeworm widely distributed in Europe with an increase of endemic area in recent years. Many mammal species including humans and non-human primates can be infected by accidental ingestion of eggs. CASE PRESENTATION: In March 2011, a 5-year-old zoo-raised male cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) presented a paresis of the lower limbs which evolved into paralysis. Lesions in liver and vertebra were observed on tomography scan. E. multilocularis infection was diagnosed post-mortem by morphological and histological examination and detection of Em DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Serodiagnosis of other primates of the colony using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was negative. In June 2013, at necroscopy, a hepatic and a paravertebral masses were detected in a second cynomolgus macaque of the same colony. Serology and DNA isolated from hepatic and abdominal cysts confirmed E. multilocularis infection. CONCLUSIONS: We described hear vertebral and liver localization of alveolar echinococcosis in non-human primates. The animals lived in an indoor/outdoor housing facility, where the probable mode of contamination is by ingestion of food foraging around the enclosure which could be contaminated with fox feces. Serological survey in the facility should allow us to estimate the risk of human contamination and the zoonotic risk of monkey infection due to environmental contamination

First case of peritoneal cysticercosis in a non-human primate host (Macaca tonkeana) due to Taenia martis

BACKGROUND: Infections with larval stages (metacestodes) of a variety of taeniid species have been described in primates, including humans, with partial to severe clinical consequences. Taenia martis is a tapeworm of mustelids, and martens are mainly their definitive hosts in Central Europe. In the rodent intermediate host cysticerci develop in the pleural and peritoneal cavities. The present report describes a case of T. martis peritoneal cysticercosis in a Tonkean macaque. FINDINGS: An abdominal mass was detected in a 3-year-old male Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana) born and raised in a primate colony in France. Examination of the mass after laparotomy showed numerous vesicles identified as cysticerci of T. martis, based on the morphology of scolex and hooks, with confirmation by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Exeresis of the lesion was not possible and praziquantel (5.7 mg/kg) was given twice at an interval of 3 days. The abdominal mass was greatly diminished upon examination 2 months later and no signs of recurrence were noticed during the following 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of T. martis cysticercosis in a monkey. This record and the recent first description of an ocular T. martis cysticercosis in a human show the susceptibility of primates to T. martis and its zoonotic potential. This taeniid species must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cysticercosis in primates