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Effective classroom practice: a mixed-method study of influences and outcomes: a research paper
This brief paper reports findings from a two-year research project, funded by the ESRC, which identified, described and analyzed variation in effective primary and secondary school teachers’ classroom practice. The study also explored these practices in relation to different school contexts and teachers’ professional life phases in order to draw out relevant implications for policy and practice
Microscopic Surface Structure of Liquid Alkali Metals
We report an x-ray scattering study of the microscopic structure of the
surface of a liquid alkali metal. The bulk liquid structure factor of the
eutectic K67Na33 alloy is characteristic of an ideal mixture, and so shares the
properties of an elemental liquid alkali metal. Analysis of off-specular
diffuse scattering and specular x-ray reflectivity shows that the surface
roughness of the K-Na alloy follows simple capillary wave behavior with a
surface structure factor indicative of surface induced layering. Comparison of
thelow-angle tail of the K67Na33 surface structure factor with the one measured
for liquid Ga and In previously suggests that layering is less pronounced in
alkali metals. Controlled exposure of the liquid to H2 and O2 gas does not
affect the surface structure, indicating that oxide and hydride are not stable
at the liquid surface under these experimental conditions.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, published in Phys. Rev.
Bony ingrowth potential of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy: a direct comparison of interbody cage materials in an in vivo ovine lumbar fusion model.
Background contextThere is significant variability in the materials commonly used for interbody cages in spine surgery. It is theorized that three-dimensional (3D)-printed interbody cages using porous titanium material can provide more consistent bone ingrowth and biological fixation.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to provide an evidence-based approach to decision-making regarding interbody materials for spinal fusion.Study designA comparative animal study was performed.MethodsA skeletally mature ovine lumbar fusion model was used for this study. Interbody fusions were performed at L2-L3 and L4-L5 in 27 mature sheep using three different interbody cages (ie, polyetheretherketone [PEEK], plasma sprayed porous titanium-coated PEEK [PSP], and 3D-printed porous titanium alloy cage [PTA]). Non-destructive kinematic testing was performed in the three primary directions of motion. The specimens were then analyzed using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT); quantitative measures of the bony fusion were performed. Histomorphometric analyses were also performed in the sagittal plane through the interbody device. Outcome parameters were compared between cage designs and time points.ResultsFlexion-extension range of motion (ROM) was statistically reduced for the PTA group compared with the PEEK cages at 16 weeks (p-value=.02). Only the PTA cages demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in ROM and increase in stiffness across all three loading directions between the 8-week and 16-week sacrifice time points (p-value≤.01). Micro-CT data demonstrated significantly greater total bone volume within the graft window for the PTA cages at both 8 weeks and 16 weeks compared with the PEEK cages (p-value<.01).ConclusionsA direct comparison of interbody implants demonstrates significant and measurable differences in biomechanical, µ-CT, and histologic performance in an ovine model. The 3D-printed porous titanium interbody cage resulted in statistically significant reductions in ROM, increases in the bone ingrowth profile, as well as average construct stiffness compared with PEEK and PSP
Polarized light emission from individual incandescent carbon nanotubes
We fabricate nanoscale lamps which have a filament consisting of a single
multiwalled carbon nanotube. After determining the nanotube geometry with a
transmission electron microscope, we use Joule heating to bring the filament to
incandescence, with peak temperatures in excess of 2000 K. We image the thermal
light in both polarizations simultaneously as a function of wavelength and
input electrical power. The observed degree of polarization is typically of the
order of 75%, a magnitude predicted by a Mie model of the filament that assigns
graphene's optical conductance to each nanotube wall.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
A Connection between Star Formation in Nuclear Rings and their Host Galaxies
We present results from a photometric H-alpha survey of 22 nuclear rings,
aiming to provide insight into their star formation properties, including age
distribution, dynamical timescales, star formation rates, and galactic bar
influence. We find a clear relationship between the position angles and
ellipticities of the rings and those of their host galaxies, which indicates
the rings are in the same plane as the disk and circular. We use population
synthesis models to estimate ages of each H-alpha emitting HII region, which
range from 1 Myr to 10 Myrs throughout the rings. We find that approximately
half of the rings contain azimuthal age gradients that encompass at least 25%
of the ring, although there is no apparent relationship between the presence or
absence of age gradients and the morphology of the rings or their host
galaxies. NGC1343, NGC1530, and NGC4321 show clear bipolar age gradients, where
the youngest HII regions are located near the two contact points of the bar and
ring. We speculate in these cases that the gradients are related to an
increased mass inflow rate and/or an overall higher gas density in the ring,
which would allow for massive star formation to occur on short timescales,
after which the galactic rotation would transport the HII regions around the
ring as they age. Two-thirds of the barred galaxies show correlation between
the locations of the youngest HII region(s) in the ring and the location of the
contact points, which is consistent with predictions from numerical modeling.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures (7 color), 23 tables, accepted for publication
in ApJS (Feb 08); NASA-GSFC, IAC, University of Maryland, STSc
Dark-field transmission electron microscopy and the Debye-Waller factor of graphene
Graphene's structure bears on both the material's electronic properties and
fundamental questions about long range order in two-dimensional crystals. We
present an analytic calculation of selected area electron diffraction from
multi-layer graphene and compare it with data from samples prepared by chemical
vapor deposition and mechanical exfoliation. A single layer scatters only 0.5%
of the incident electrons, so this kinematical calculation can be considered
reliable for five or fewer layers. Dark-field transmission electron micrographs
of multi-layer graphene illustrate how knowledge of the diffraction peak
intensities can be applied for rapid mapping of thickness, stacking, and grain
boundaries. The diffraction peak intensities also depend on the mean-square
displacement of atoms from their ideal lattice locations, which is
parameterized by a Debye-Waller factor. We measure the Debye-Waller factor of a
suspended monolayer of exfoliated graphene and find a result consistent with an
estimate based on the Debye model. For laboratory-scale graphene samples,
finite size effects are sufficient to stabilize the graphene lattice against
melting, indicating that ripples in the third dimension are not necessary.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
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