Biosynthesis and chemical constants of mono-acylated anthocyanins

In this study, a number of non-natural anthocyanins were biosynthesized by the addition of various organic acids to suspension cultures of wild carrot. This resulted in the incorporation of the organic acid residue in a specific place on the anthocyanin molecule, and the resulting novel anthocyanin was purified and characterized. The color of anthocyanins generally decreases with increasing pH due to the conversion of the flavylium ion into a hemiacetal. In addition, the flavylium ion can be converted into blue quinonoid forms at increased PH. Because these reactions result in loss of or changed color of the anythocyanins, their rate constants and equilibrium constants are a measure of color retention of the anthocyanin; if the factors which determine this were understood, this could result in the eventual marketing of anthocyanin preparations with increased color retention. For each anthocyanin, Kh, the equilibrium constant for the (colorless) hemiacetal formation, k1 and k2, the forward and reverse rate constants for this reaction respectively, and Ka, the equilibrium constant for formation of the quinonoid forms, were measured. Anthocyanins with no acyl group had the largest Kh, smallest k2, and a k1 which was among the largest in the series of 21 compounds measured, and thus retained the least amount of color. For anthocyanins acylated with benzoic acids, the log Kh, log k1, and log k2 were linearly related to the electronegativity of the substituents showing that the effects on these constants were linearly related to the electron density of the aromatic system. Log Ka was not linearly related to the electron donating capacity of the substituents, so another factor was affecting formation of quinonoid forms. The Kh and k1 was larger in the benzoyl compounds than in the cinnamoyl series, and k2 was smaller, indicating that benzoylated anthocyanins retained less color than did the cinnamoylated ones. For the anthocyanins acylated with cinnamic acids, a plot of log Kh and log k1 vs. electronegativity of the substituents showed that these compounds were scattered about a straight line. This suggests that both the electron density in the acyl aromatic ring and another factor were both important in determining color retention by a cinnamoylated anthocyanin. The log Ka and log k2 in the 4-substituted cinnamoyl series were linearly related to the electronegativity of the substituents on the acyl group, indicating that electron density in the acyl aromatic ring was the primary factor controlling formation of the quinonoid form as well as the reverse reaction from hemiacetal to flavylium ion in these compounds. A comparison of the compounds acylated with 4- hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3-(4- hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid shows that the 2-carbon chain in acyl groups, as well as the presence of the double bond in cinnamic acids, affected the Kh\u27s and k2\u27s significantly. Removal of the carbon chain also increased k1, but removal of the double bond did not have as much affect. The k2\u27s appear to be a major factor that influences stability. Rather than showing an increase in k1 as stability decreases, many of the least stable compounds instead showed a decrease in k2

A Molecular Investigation of Inbreeding in Captive Addra Gazelles

Captive breeding of individuals to augment or reestablish a wild population requires the maintenance of maximum possible genetic variation to reflect the genetic variation present in the original wild population and reduce the occurrence of genetic drift or inbreeding in the captive population. Critically threatened addra gazelles (Nanger dama ruficollis) have been maintained in a captive breeding program since 1969 (10-15 generations) with no introduction of genetic material beyond the original 22 founders, of which only 8 have recorded descendents in the current population. Results from this study show a strong relationship between infant mortality and inbreeding, and a substantial increase in infant mortality over the first 20 years of the breeding program. In addition, molecular measures of inbreeding were correlated to various historical scenarios and suggest that more founders may have contributed to the population than expected based on pedigree data alone. A genetic sampling of all individuals in the population may be the only way to identify the most genetically distinct individuals in the population, and the best option for maintaining future genetic diversity

A Therapist Perspective: Gender Differences in Treatment Recommendations for Adults with ADHD, Inattentive Presentation

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset during childhood and often persisting into adulthood. Statistics show that more men are diagnosed with ADHD than women, and that women are more often diagnosed with ADHD inattentive type. Treatment for ADHD has not focused on non-psychopharmacology gender-based treatment recommendations, and this has been identified as requiring further research. This qualitative study explored therapists\u27 process in making treatment recommendations for women versus men diagnosed with ADHD inattentive subtype. Social role theory was used to underpin the research. The participants of the study included ten licensed psychologists in the state of Texas who had been working with adults with ADHD for at least five years. Data was collected through semistructured interviews from participants who met the inclusion criteria to participate in this study. The results of thematic analysis indicated psychologists noticing a difference in gender presentation in adults with ADHD. However, psychologists’ process in generating treatment recommendations revealed a lack of focus on gender compared to contextual factors when providing therapeutic services. Implications for social change may support promotion of psychologists’ treatment recommendations tailored toward their clients’ gender and preferred gender identity

Nurse Practitioner-Led Hepatitis C Virus Education in a Central Valley Opioid Treatment Program

Introduction Viral hepatitis has been classified as a worldwide public health threat and it is estimated that 130-150 million people worldwide are infected with viral hepatitis. In the United States, increases in hepatitis C infections can be attributed to intravenous drug use and associated behaviors. Many people who inject drugs are unaware of their serostatus and access to accurate hepatitis C virus (HCV) information and education is limited. However, opioid treatment programs are well positioned to fill hepatitis C services gap among people who inject drugs by providing education, to raise hepatitis C awareness and lead to services and treatment utilization. Aims The primary aim was to assess the effects of the implementation of an educational session on a patient’s hepatitis C knowledge in an opioid treatment program. A secondary aim of the project was to increase a patient’s willingness to seek HCV care by a community healthcare provider. Methods & Design This study used a one-group, pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design to measure hepatitis C knowledge before and after an educational session and pre and post-test in 12 participants. Results The results of the two-tailed paired t tests were significant based on an alpha of 0.05, t (11) = -4.30, p= 0.001; 41% of participants followed up with care after the intervention. Conclusion This study showed that providing HCV education to participants in an opioid treatment program was successful at improving their knowledge and awareness regarding hepatitis C and increased their willingness to follow up with HCV care

Inventory of the Marshall County, MS Post Office, 30 June 1860

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aldrichcorr_c/1197/thumbnail.jp

Affidavit, Marshall County, MS, 1 March 1860

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aldrichcorr_c/1195/thumbnail.jp

Records of Fleas (Siphonaptera) from Delaware [Sampling, Distribution, Dispersal]

We present an annotated checklist of fleas (Siphonaptera) known to occur in the state of Delaware based on an examination of Siphonaptera collections at the University of Delaware and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, as well as new specimens of fleas we collected from wildlife, other hosts, and tick flags. We review published records and compile them herein with our new records, which include 3 species previously unreported from Delaware. With these additions, there are now 18 flea species from 19 avian and mammalian hosts documented from Delaware