Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic activities of a new 5-​nitroisatin Schiff base and its metal complexes

The copper (II)​, cobalt (II)​, nickel (II) and zinc (II) complexes of 5 - nitroisatin Schiff base (L) (L = Schiff base derived from 5-​nitroisatin and 2-​methyl-​4-​nitroaniline) were synthesized and characterized. The authenticity of the ligand and its metal complexes has been established by micro anal., IR, NMR, LC​/MS, UV-​VIS and elec. conductance measurements. The ligand acts as a bidentate agent in which the carbonyl oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen of 5-​nitroisatin are involved in co-​ordination. Square planar geometry was proposed for the Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes and tetrahedral geometry was proposed for the Co (II) and Zn (II) complexes. The ligand and its metal complexes have been screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, etc. and for antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavous, etc. The Schiff base and its complexes were also screened for anthelmintic activity on earthworms. Both samples displayed significant activitie

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of a New 5-Chloroisatin Schiff Base and its Metal Complexes

Copper(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes of 5-chloroisatin Schiff base (L) (L= Schiff base derived from 5-chloroisatin and 2-methyl-4- nitro aniline) were synthesized and characterized. The authenticity of the ligand and its metal complexes had been established by micro analysis, IR, NMR, LC/MS, UV-Vis and electrical conductance measurements. The ligand acts as a bidentate in which the carbonyl oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen of 5-chloroisatin are involved in co-ordination. Square planar geometry was proposed for Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes and tetrahedral geometry was proposed for Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes. The ligand and its metal complexes have been screened for their antibacterial activity against bacterias viz. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli etc. and antifungal activity against fungi Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavous etc. The activities of both the samples have shown significant and noticeable changes on complexations

Comparative assessment of the role of state, third sector and combined intervention of state and third sector in intervening income inequalities through SHGS

Inequality reduction in general and income inequality reduction in particular has occupied huge efforts/resources of the state since independence in India.Given that more than 300 million people are under poverty line in India today and the sheer deprivation that they face, evaluation of inequality reduction methods in India assume greater significance.In the above context, the present paper is an attempt to understand the effectiveness of income inequality reduction methods by the state, third sector and the combined intervention of the state and third sector.For this purpose four villages in the Gulbarga district of Karnataka were chosen to assess the relative effectiveness of the interventions by state, third sector and the combined interventions of state and third sector. The results of the study show that, Combined intervention of the State and Third Sector on Income inequalities through SHGs is distinctly better in providing regular employment to employed people than other types of intervention.Combined intervention of State and Third Sector in Income inequalities is distinctly better both in empowering people with higher incomes and discouraging people from borrowing money from money lenders at very high interest rates.It could also be concluded that combined intervention of State and Third Sector provides better terms of borrowing than State intervention alone or Third Sector intervention alone.Earning and saving patters are much better in combined intervention of State and Third Sector than other interventions

Catalytic activity of supported solid catalysts for phenol hydroxylation

Cobalt(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of 2-phenylbenzimidazole (PhBzlH) encapsulated in the supercages of zeolite-Y and ZSM-5 have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic studies (IR, UV/visible, EPR), elemental analyses, thermal studies and X-ray diffraction patterns. The catalytic activity of encapsulated complexes was investigated for the hydroxylation of phenol using 30 % H2O2 as an oxidant. Under optimized reaction conditions, the hydroxylation of phenol yielded catechol and hydroquinone as the major products. All catalysts show good selectivity for diphenol products. A maximum conversion of phenol was obtained with [Cu(PhBzlH)]-Y as the catalyst. The results showed that conversion of phenol varies in the order [Cu(PhBzlH)]-Y (53 %) > [Cu(PhBzlH)]-ZSM-5 > (49 %) > [Co(PhBzlH)]-ZSM-5 (47 %) > [Co(PhBzlH)]-Y (46 %) > [Zn(PhBzlH)]-Y (45 %) > [Zn(PhBzlH)]-ZSM-5 (41 %) after 6 h of reaction time. Test for the recyclability of the reaction was also carried out and the results indicate their recyclability

Dynamics of parasite population and its histopathological and histophysiological effects in the stomach of a freshwater fish

The caryophyllaeid cestode Lytocestoides fossilis infects the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. The study was conducted for two consecutive years (2004-06) to record the bio-statistical data of the parasite. The incidence, intensity, density and index of infection of the parasite have been recorded. The infection was more during June to September, moderate during February to May and low during October to January. The parasite brought about severe histopathological changes in the stomach of infected fish. The changes observed in the stomach of fish included structural damage of the villi, inflammation, and fibrosis associated with hyperplasia and metaplasia. The hypertrophy of mucous layer led to vacuolation and necrosis. Histochemical changes were noticed with enhanced carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents. The enhanced substrate content in the infected organ might be due to the disfunctioning of the digestive tract, which results in the accumulation of various metabolites. Mucus secretion was triggered as a protective interaction against parasitic invasion. The parasitic infection affects the general metabolic state of the host and as the result, the fish becomes sluggish and moribund

Livelihood gains and ecological costs of NTFP dependence: assessing the roles of dependence, ecological knowledge and market structure in three contrasting human and ecological settings in south India

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) constitute the single largest determinant of livelihoods for scores of forest fringe communities and poor people in the tropics. In India over 50 million people are believed to be directly dependent upon NTFPs for their subsistence. However, such human dependence on NTFPs for livelihood gains (win) has most frequently been at a certain ecological cost (lose). If livelihoods are to be maintained, the existing ‘win-lose’ settings have to be steered to a ‘win-win’ mode, otherwise, there could be severe erosion of the biological resources and loss of livelihoods (‘lose-lose’). Examining the dependence of forest fringe communities on NTFPs at three sites in south India with contrasting human and ecological settings, three key factors (extent of dependence on NTFPs, indigenous ecological knowledge and market organization) are likely to constrain reaching the win-win situation. How these factors shape the ecological cost of harvesting NTFPs at the three sites is examined. Within the parameter space of these factors, it is possible to predict outcomes and associations that will conform to win-win or win-lose situations. Empirical data derived from the three study sites demonstrate the causality of the observed associations. The key for long-term livelihood gains lies in reducing the ecological cost. Certain interventions and recommendations that could optimize the balance between livelihood gains and ecological cost are proposed

Electrospray sample injection for single-particle imaging with x-ray lasers

The possibility of imaging single proteins constitutes an exciting challenge for x-ray lasers. Despite encouraging results on large particles, imaging small particles has proven to be difficult for two reasons: not quite high enough pulse intensity from currently available x-ray lasers and, as we demonstrate here, contamination of the aerosolized molecules by nonvolatile contaminants in the solution. The amount of contamination on the sample depends on the initial droplet size during aerosolization. Here, we show that, with our electrospray injector, we can decrease the size of aerosol droplets and demonstrate virtually contaminant-free sample delivery of organelles, small virions, and proteins. The results presented here, together with the increased performance of next-generation x-ray lasers, constitute an important stepping stone toward the ultimate goal of protein structure determination from imaging at room temperature and high temporal resolution. © 2019 The Authors