Bacteriological examination of drinking water with reference to coliforms in Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India

Most probable number (MPN) test was done to detect the coliform in water samples collected from mobile vendors, protected well and municipal tap water supplied from Jeedimetla municipality. The study revealed that the number of coliforms was very high ( 1500) in water samples collected frommobile vendors. The bacteria were identified as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriological examination of water samples collected from different sources showed that the water of mobile vendors and ground water of jeedimetla area was not potable while themunicipal tap water was found to be safe for drinking

Screening and assessment of laccase producing fungi isolated from different environmental samples

Laccase is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase that acts on a wide range of substrates. This enzyme is found in many plant species and is widely distributed in fungi including wood-rotting fungi where it is often associated with lignin peroxidase, manganese dependent peroxidase, or both. Because of its importance in bioremediation, fungal cultures were screened for laccase positive production by plate test method using the indicator compound guaiacol. Out of 12 cultures tested, six cultures werefound to be laccase-positive with Stereum ostrea and Phanerochaete chrysosporium being the best potential cultures. Laccase production on 5 different liquid media was compared using these two white rot fungi

Dynamic Training Intrusion Detection Scheme for Blackhole Attack in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network which is composed of several movable mobile nodes. These mobile nodes communicate with each other without any infrastructure. As wireless ad hoc networks lack an infrastructure, they are exposed to a lot of attacks. This paper analyzes the blackhole attack which is one of the possible attacks in ad hoc networks. In a blackhole attack, a malicious node impersonates a destination node by sending a spoofed route reply packet to a source node that initiates a route discovery. By doing this, the malicious node can deprive the traffic from the source node. In order to prevent this kind of attack, it is crucial to detect the abnormality that occurs during the attack. In conventional schemes, anomaly detection is achieved by defining the normal state from static training data. However, in mobile ad hoc networks where the network topology dynamically changes, such static training method could not be used efficiently. In this paper, we propose an anomaly detection scheme using dynamic training method in which the training data is updated at regular time intervals. The simulation results show the effectiveness of our scheme compared with conventional scheme

Strabismus as a Presenting Sign in Retinoblastoma

PURPOSE:To report the presenting signs of retinoblastoma in a large cohort of patients who underwent orthoptic assessment at presentation. METHODS:A retrospective medical chart review was conducted on 131 patients with retinoblastoma who presented consecutively to a single institution during a 6-year period. The main outcome measure was the presenting sign(s) of the disease. RESULTS:Of 131 patients with retinoblastoma, 88 presented with unilateral disease and 43 presented with bilateral disease (mean ages: 22.7 and 14.8 months, respectively). Leukocoria was the presenting sign in 56% of patients, leukocoria and strabismus in 18%, strabismus in 13%, inflammation in 8%, and “other” signs in 5%. The fovea was affected by the retinoblastoma tumor or its sequelae in 75% of patients. Patients who presented with strabismus were significantly more likely to have foveal involvement than patients who presented with leukocoria alone (P = .001). Thirty-one percent of patients had strabismus as a component of their presentation; 63% had exotropia, 23% had esotropia, and 14% had variable strabismus. The percentage of patients with strabismus increased to 66% when small angle and variable strabismus were also considered. Patients with inflammation had worse ocular survival (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS:This study assessed the combination of leukocoria and strabismus as presenting features of retinoblastoma. Foveal involvement is common in patients who have strabismus and may influence decision-making regarding globe salvage. The authors confirmed that exotropia is more common than esotropia in retinoblastoma in the largest cohort to have undergone an orthoptic assessment

Retinal Neuronal Ectopia: a new entity in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma

BACKGROUND: To present a rare retinal disorder that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma. METHODS: A 2-year-old boy presented with left ocular discomfort, leukocoria, and a left divergent squint. Examination of the left eye revealed abnormalities in the anterior segment, and fundoscopy showed an irregular white calcified mass with fibrosis and traction toward the lens. As the ocular discomfort worsened, enucleation of the left eye was performed. RESULTS: Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of the enucleated eye established the diagnosis of retinal neuronal ectopia. CONCLUSION: We believe that this case is unique in the human retina and highlights the need for specialist differential diagnosis. Although rare, retinal neuronal ectopia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma and vision

The assessment of vision has a growing importance in the management of retinoblastoma in the era of globe-conserving therapy, both prior to and after treatment. As survival rates approach 98-99% and globe salvage rates reach ever-higher levels, it is important to provide families with information regarding the visual outcomes of different treatments. We present an overview of the role of vision in determining the treatment given and the impact of complications of treatment. We also discuss screening and treatment strategies that can be used to maximise vision

Lag time for retinoblastoma in the UK revisited: a retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVES: To explore current delays in diagnosis of retinoblastoma (Rb) and effect on outcome with comparison to a study from the 1990s. SETTING: Primary, secondary, tertiary care: majority from South of England. PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective analysis of 93 new referrals of sporadic (non-familial) Rb to a specialist Rb unit in London, UK from January 2006 to February 2014. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification, lag times including parental delay and healthcare professional delay, patients requiring enucleation and requirement of adjuvant chemotherapy postenucleation (high-risk Rb). RESULTS: During the study period, 29% presented via accident and emergency (A&E). The median referral time from symptom onset to visiting primary care (PC) was 28 days and PC to ophthalmologist 3 days (range 0-181 days). The median time from local ophthalmologist to the Rb Unit was 6 days (0-33). No significant correlation was found between delay and International Classification of Retinoblastoma grade (p>0.05) or between postenucleation adjuvant chemotherapy and enucleation groups (p>0.05). Less enucleations (60%) are being performed compared with the previous study (81%) (p=0.0015). CONCLUSIONS: Parents are attending A&E more compared with the 1990s and this may reflect the effect of public awareness campaigns. More eyes are being salvaged despite a similar number of children requiring adjuvant chemotherapy. High-risk Rb and Group E eyes do not correlate with increased lag time in the UK. Other determinants such as tumour biology may be more relevant

Melting heat transfer analysis on magnetohydrodynamics buoyancy convection in an enclosure : a numerical study

Therollof melting heat transfer on magnetohydrodynamic natural convection in a square enclosurewithheatingof the bottom wall is examinednumericallyin this article.The dimensionlessgoverning partial differential equations are transformed into vorticity and stream functionformulationand then solved using the finite difference method(FDM). The effects of thermal Rayleigh number(Ra), melting parameter(M) and Hartmann number(Ha) are illustrated graphically.With an increasing melting parameter and Rayleigh number, the rate of fluid flow and temperature gradients are seen to increase. And in the presence of magnetic field, the temperature gradient reduces and hence the conductionmechanism dominated for larger Ha. Greater heat transfer rate is observed in the case of uniform heating compared with non-uniform case. The average Nusselt number reduces with increasing magnetic parameterin the both cases of heating of bottom wall

Sclero-conjunctival ischaemia secondary to intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma

PURPOSE Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC), delivered directly to the globe via the internal carotid artery is now an established treatment for retinoblastoma. We report a case of anterior segment ischaemia following treatment with multiple intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) infusions. OBSERVATIONS A 5 month old female presented with bilateral retinoblastoma and was treated with 12 infusions of IAC. Her right eye was enucleated at diagnosis. After her seventh IAC treatment, she developed ipsilateral sixth and third cranial nerve palsies. After the twelfth IAC, she developed an area of conjunctival and scleral ischaemia between 12 and 3 o'clock meridians in her left eye. However, she maintained visual acuity of LogMAR 0.34. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE The median number of IAC treatments in large studies is three. It is possible that repeated doses of IAC have an accumulative negative effect on the ocular blood supply, risking anterior segment and neurologic sequelae. This case highlights the significant challenge of balancing the salvage of eyes and vision with the potentially significant morbidity associated with IAC