Fischbestände der Ostsee, ihre Entwicklung seit 1970 und Schlussfolgerungen für ihre fischereiliche Nutzung - Teil 2: Hering

The herring of the Baltic Sea shows a complicated population structure. Comparable to herring in other areas it can also be discriminated as spring and autumn spawning herring. Autumn spawning herring has been nearly vanished since the late 1960’s. Baltic Sea spring spawning herring show a broad variety as far as morphometric and other biological characteristics are concerned. It seems not very likely that all those differences are genetically based. The spawning sites of populations are, however, often clearly separated and such groups of herring are in most cases characterized by distinct differences in individual growth. Therefore for assessment purposes it is necessary to distinguish between as small as possible units in order to not endanger smaller populations to become extinct by overexploitation. On the other hand migrations and mixing of herring of different origin especially during the summer feeding period result in extreme difficulties of the discrimination of small units. For this reason only three herring assess ment units have been identified for the central and the northern Baltic Sea: herring in Sub-divisions 25–32+32, herring in Sub-division 30 and herring in Sub-division31. The spring spawning herring of the western Baltic Sea has been combined with spring spawning herring in Division IIIa. Only the herring stock in Sub-division 30 shows a positive development in the past. The largest assessment unit in Sub-divisions 25–29+32 decreased continuously during the whole period 1974–1998. The western Baltic Spring spawning herring stock decreased from 1990 to 1996. There is an ongoing debate on scientific level whether the combination of small populations into large assessment units like the one in S-D’s 25–29&32 might include the danger of the extinction of small compartments of the unit. On the other hand the practice by the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission of managing the Baltic Sea herring fisheries by dividing a yearly Total Allowable Catch for the whole area among fishery zones without taking care of any biological structure and any individual stock development is totally against the idea of sustainability of fisheries

Fischbestände der Ostsee, ihre Entwicklung seit 1970 und Schlussfolgerungen für ihre fischereiliche Nutzung - Teil 3: Sprotte

The sprat of the Baltic Sea is not as short-lived as inother Seas probably because fish predator species arerestricted mainly on cod and salmon. Sea bird popula-tions are much smaller and marine mammals are rare inthe Baltic Sea. The sprat stock biomass is fluctuatingstrongly. The fluctuation is mainly influenced by thestock recruitment and is also dependent on the strengthof the cod stock. After a strong decrease during the1980ies sprat catches increased again from 1992 onwardsand reached a peak with over half a million tonnes in 1997. At about the same time the character of the BalticSea sprat fishery changed from catches mainly for hu-man consumption to catches mainly for industrial pur-poses initiated by the fishery of Sweden. The recentrecord high catches of sprat have been possible only dueto the low level of the cod stock of the main Baltic SeaBasins over some years. A sprat fishery on such a highcatch level might cause conflicts with a recovering codstock in future

Development and validation of the Mentoring Functions Measure, The

2016 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.This study developed and provided validation evidence for a new measure of mentoring functions, the Mentoring Functions Measure (MFM). Existing measures of mentoring functions suffer from flaws that the present study aimed to reduce or eliminate. This study had three primary goals: (1) to develop a new measure of mentoring functions, (2) to provide reliability and validity evidence for the measure, and (3) to connect the measure to socioemotional selectivity theory, a theory of aging. In the first phase of the study, 98 items were created based on dimensions that had been used in previous research. These items were reviewed by subject matter experts (SMEs), after which the number of items was reduced to 78. In the second phase, the measure was further refined after being completed by 487 participants in the United States through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk); all participants were currently in an informal mentoring relationship and working at least part-time. Through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, the MFM was refined and finalized. The MFM consists of 12 items, demonstrates good reliability evidence, and is comprised of three factors: Career functions, Trust & Acceptance functions, and Relationship functions. Construct validity evidence was obtained, with the MFM generally correlating more strongly with the MFQ-9 than with transformational or paternalistic leadership. Criterion-related validity evidence was also established, with MFM subscales predicting affective outcomes (job satisfaction and life satisfaction), health outcomes (burnout), and cognitive outcomes (personal learning). The MFM was expected to demonstrate known-groups validity evidence, using socioemotional selectivity theory; younger protégés were expected to prefer a mentor who exhibits more career functions, and older protégés were expected to prefer a mentor who exhibits more psychosocial functions. However, no significant differences were found in mentor preference based on protégé age. Due to the scale development best practices used to develop the MFM, as well as the reliability and validity evidence established in this study, the MFM can be used by both researchers and practitioners to measure mentoring functions

Insights into Protein-Ligand Molecular Recognition: Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Structural Characterization of Inhibitor Binding to Aldose Reductase and Carbonic Anhydrase II

Two pathological relevant proteins, human aldose reductase and human carbonic anhydrase, were used as model proteins to get insights into the process of molecular recognition. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation process of protein ligand complex formation were studied

Die deutschen Kommunen im Mehrebenensystem der Europäischen Union: Betroffene Objekte oder aktive Subjekte?

Europäische Studien der vergangenen Jahrzehnte haben sich hauptsächlich mit den Auswirkungen des europäischen Integrationsprozesses auf den Föderalismus in Deutschland und insbesondere den damit verbundenen neuen Herausforderungen für die deutschen Länder beschäftigt. Die Rolle der Kommunen ist dabei oft unberücksichtigt geblieben. Doch gerade europäische Bestimmungen grenzen häufig genug gemeindliche Selbstverwaltungsrechte durch die Tiefe und Dichte ihrer Regelungen ein. So obliegt die Umsetzung eines Großteils der europäischen Vorgaben den Kommunen, ohne dass diese an der Entscheidungsfindung auf der europäischen Ebene umfassend beteiligt wären. Und auch die innerstaatliche Mitsprache in europäischen Angelegenheiten wird oftmals vom Bund und den deutschen Ländern blockiert.For decades, European studies have been concerned primarily with explaining European integration and the Europeanization process. The debates have centered around the question of the extent to which the integration process and future Eastern enlargement have an impact on structures and legislative processes in the Federal Republic of Germany at national and state (Länder) level. The role of German local authorities in the European integration process has often been neglected in the course of the discussion, but German municipalities are indeed affected by European decisions in various ways

Besonderheiten der deutschbaltischen Lexik im Vergleich zum Hochdeutsch am Beispiel der Wortgruppe ''Kleidung''

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist einen Überblick zu geben, welche Besonderheiten die Deutschbaltische Sprache hat und welche Sprachen am meisten das Deutschbaltische beeinflusst haben. In meiner Bachelorarbeit werde ich die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Wortgruppe ''Kleidung'' schenken. Ich untersuche deutschbaltische Bezeichnungen für Kleidungsstücke und deren Teile. Ich erforsche z. B., was für Wörter damals überhaupt für Kleidung verwendet wurden, welchen Einfluss hatten andere Sprachen auf das Deutschbaltische ausgeübt, welche Eigenarten die Wörter hatten und welchen Bezug sie zur heutigen hochdeutschen Lexik haben.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4688423*es