THE EFFECT OF A NOVEL REHABILITATION PROGRAM ON WALKING PERFORMANCE IN PERSONS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

The purpose of this study was to compare if the addition of the NewGait™ device to traditional therapy in comparison to traditional therapy alone would be more effective at improving walking technique and walking performance in persons with multiple sclerosis. Eighteen patients with multiple sclerosis participated in this study. Pre- and post-testing assessed kinematic gait variables (speed, step length, step width, double limb support time), toe clearance height, ankle range of motion, balance confidence, rating of perceived exertion, and hip-ankle coordination. Participants completed an 8-week physical therapy protocol aimed to improve gait and balance with the experimental group wearing the NewGait™ device. Repeated measures mixed ANOVA revealed significant improvements over time for both groups, with increased walking speed, improved balance confidence, increase in bilateral step length, and a decrease in the percent of time spent in anti-phase and an ankle-driven coordination phase during swing for the unaffected limb (p \u3c 0.05). The experimental group experienced larger improvements in balance confidence (p \u3c 0.05), and coordination (p \u3c 0.05) when compared to the control group. The results of the current study indicate that the use of the NewGait™ during rehabilitation is effective at improving balance confidence lower limb coordination

Neue Ansätze zur Hemmung der HIV-Replikation

Das größte Problem für HIV-infizierte Personen ist die Tatsache, dass die Infektion nicht „geheilt“ werden kann und die Betroffenen ihr Leben lang infiziert bleiben. Deshalb erfordert die HIV Infektion die dauerhafte Anwendung von Therapien, die das Virus an der Replikation hindern und damit die „Viruslast“ im Körper möglichst gering halten. Die optimale Bekämpfung der HIV-Infektion wären Wirkstoffkombinationen die sowohl die Produktion des Virus durch persistent infizierte Reservoirs als auch die Neuinfektion von HIV-Zielzellen unterbinden. Interessanterweise sind einige zelluläre Faktoren bekannt, die in die HIV-Replikation eingreifen und der HIV-Produktion entgegenwirken können. Ein Beispiel für solche HIV-Restriktionsfaktoren sind die Risp/ Fam21 Proteine, die mit dem HIV Rev Protein interagieren und so vermutlich seine regulatorische Funktion hemmen können. Frühere Untersuchungen an persistent HIV-infizierten Astrozyten belegten einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Expressionsstärke von Risp/ Fam21 und der Hemmung der HIV Produktion in diesen Zellen. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe der quantitativen PCR Analyse gezeigt, dass risp/ fam21 Gene in unterschiedlichen Stärken in menschlichen Zellen exprimiert werden. Zur Modulation der Risp/ Fam21 Expression in diesen als auch anderen für HIV relevanten Zellen wurde ein lentivirales Vektorsystem etabliert. In akut infizierten T-Zellen wurde kein Einfluss der Risp/ Fam21-Modulation auf die HIV-Infektion gefunden, was die Theorie nahelegt, dass Risp/ Fam21 Proteine nur in persistent infizierten Zellen wie den o.g. Astrozyten eine Aktivität zeigen könnten. Um neue Inhibitoren der akuten HIV-Infektion gesunder Zellen zu identifizieren, wurde die medizinische Heilpflanze Cistus incanus (Ci) im Hinblick auf ihre anti-HIV Aktivität getestet. Bei dieser Pflanze handelt es sich um eine sehr polyphenolreiche Pflanze und Polyphenole stellen eine interessante Klasse an HIV-Inhibitoren dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass Präparate aus Ci die Infektion von Zellen hemmen, indem sie spezifisch an die Virusoberfläche binden und die Anheftung der Viren an die Zielzellen verhindern. Präparate aus Ci inhibieren ein sehr breites Spektrum an verschiedenen HIV-Laborstämmen und –Patientenisolaten

Neue Ansätze zur Hemmung der HIV-Replikation

Das größte Problem für HIV-infizierte Personen ist die Tatsache, dass die Infektion nicht „geheilt“ werden kann und die Betroffenen ihr Leben lang infiziert bleiben. Deshalb erfordert die HIV Infektion die dauerhafte Anwendung von Therapien, die das Virus an der Replikation hindern und damit die „Viruslast“ im Körper möglichst gering halten. Die optimale Bekämpfung der HIV-Infektion wären Wirkstoffkombinationen die sowohl die Produktion des Virus durch persistent infizierte Reservoirs als auch die Neuinfektion von HIV-Zielzellen unterbinden. Interessanterweise sind einige zelluläre Faktoren bekannt, die in die HIV-Replikation eingreifen und der HIV-Produktion entgegenwirken können. Ein Beispiel für solche HIV-Restriktionsfaktoren sind die Risp/ Fam21 Proteine, die mit dem HIV Rev Protein interagieren und so vermutlich seine regulatorische Funktion hemmen können. Frühere Untersuchungen an persistent HIV-infizierten Astrozyten belegten einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Expressionsstärke von Risp/ Fam21 und der Hemmung der HIV Produktion in diesen Zellen. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe der quantitativen PCR Analyse gezeigt, dass risp/ fam21 Gene in unterschiedlichen Stärken in menschlichen Zellen exprimiert werden. Zur Modulation der Risp/ Fam21 Expression in diesen als auch anderen für HIV relevanten Zellen wurde ein lentivirales Vektorsystem etabliert. In akut infizierten T-Zellen wurde kein Einfluss der Risp/ Fam21-Modulation auf die HIV-Infektion gefunden, was die Theorie nahelegt, dass Risp/ Fam21 Proteine nur in persistent infizierten Zellen wie den o.g. Astrozyten eine Aktivität zeigen könnten. Um neue Inhibitoren der akuten HIV-Infektion gesunder Zellen zu identifizieren, wurde die medizinische Heilpflanze Cistus incanus (Ci) im Hinblick auf ihre anti-HIV Aktivität getestet. Bei dieser Pflanze handelt es sich um eine sehr polyphenolreiche Pflanze und Polyphenole stellen eine interessante Klasse an HIV-Inhibitoren dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass Präparate aus Ci die Infektion von Zellen hemmen, indem sie spezifisch an die Virusoberfläche binden und die Anheftung der Viren an die Zielzellen verhindern. Präparate aus Ci inhibieren ein sehr breites Spektrum an verschiedenen HIV-Laborstämmen und –Patientenisolaten

Impact of chars and readily available carbon on soil microbial respiration and microbial community composition in a dynamic incubation experiment

The carbonisation of biomass and organic residues is discussed as an opportunity to store stabilised carbon compounds in soil and to reduce mineralisation and the emission of CO2. In this study, pyrolysis char (600 °C, 30 min) and hydrothermal carbonisation char (HTC char; 210 °C, 23 bar, 8 h), both derived from maize silage, were investigated in a short-term incubation experiment of soil mixtures with or without readily available carbon (glucose) in order to reveal impacts on soil microbial respiration and community composition. In contrast to pyrolysis char, the addition of HTC char increased respiration and enhanced the growth of fungi. The addition of glucose to soil-char mixtures containing either pyrolysis or HTC char induced an additional increase of respiration, but was 35% and 39% lower compared to soil-glucose mixtures, respectively, providing evidence for a negative priming effect. No significant difference was observed comparing the soil mixtures containing pyrolysis char + glucose and HTC char + glucose. The addition of glucose stimulated the growth of most microbial taxa under study, especially of Actinobacteria at the expense of fungi. Adding pyrolysis or HTC char to soil induced a decline of all microbial taxa but did not modify the microbial community structure significantly. Addition of pyrolysis or HTC char in combination with glucose however, increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and reduced the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Betaproteobacteria while fungi were further increased in case of HTC char. We conclude that both chars hold the potential to bring about specific impacts on soil microbial activities and microbial community structure, and that they may compensate the variations induced by the addition of readily available carbon

Impact of chars and readily available carbon on soil microbial respiration and microbial community composition in a dynamic incubation experiment

The carbonisation of biomass and organic residues is discussed as an opportunity to store stabilised carbon compounds in soil and to reduce mineralisation and the emission of CO2. In this study, pyrolysis char (600 °C, 30 min) and hydrothermal carbonisation char (HTC char; 210 °C, 23 bar, 8 h), both derived from maize silage, were investigated in a short-term incubation experiment of soil mixtures with or without readily available carbon (glucose) in order to reveal impacts on soil microbial respiration and community composition. In contrast to pyrolysis char, the addition of HTC char increased respiration and enhanced the growth of fungi. The addition of glucose to soil-char mixtures containing either pyrolysis or HTC char induced an additional increase of respiration, but was 35% and 39% lower compared to soil-glucose mixtures, respectively, providing evidence for a negative priming effect. No significant difference was observed comparing the soil mixtures containing pyrolysis char + glucose and HTC char + glucose. The addition of glucose stimulated the growth of most microbial taxa under study, especially of Actinobacteria at the expense of fungi. Adding pyrolysis or HTC char to soil induced a decline of all microbial taxa but did not modify the microbial community structure significantly. Addition of pyrolysis or HTC char in combination with glucose however, increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and reduced the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Betaproteobacteria while fungi were further increased in case of HTC char. We conclude that both chars hold the potential to bring about specific impacts on soil microbial activities and microbial community structure, and that they may compensate the variations induced by the addition of readily available carbon

Contrasting effects of biochar on N2O emission and N uptake at different N fertilizer levels on a temperate sandy loam

Biochar has been frequently suggested as an amendment to improve soil quality and mitigate climate change. To investigate the optimal management of nitrogen (N) fertilization, we examined the combined effect of biochar and N fertilizer on plant N uptake and N2O emissions in a cereal rotation system in a randomized two-factorial field experiment on a sandy loam soil in Brandenburg, Germany. The biochar treatment received 10 Mg ha− 1 wood-derived biochar in September 2012. Four levels of N fertilizer, corresponding to 0, 50%, 100%, 130% of the recommended fertilizer level, were applied in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) and winter rye (Secale cereal L.) in 2013 and 2014 followed by the catch crop oil radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis). Biomass and N uptake of winter wheat and winter rye were significantly affected by the level of N fertilizer but not by biochar. For N uptake of oil radish an interaction effect was observed for biochar and N fertilizer. Without applied fertilizer, 39% higher N uptake was found in the presence of biochar, accompanied by higher soil NH4+ content and elevated cumulative CO2 emissions. At 130% of the recommended fertilizer level, 16% lower N uptake and lower cumulative N2O emissions were found in the biochar-mediated treatment. No significant change in abundance of microbial groups and nosZ gene were observed. Our results highlight that biochar can have a greenhouse gas mitigation effect at high levels of N supply and may stimulate nutrient uptake when no N is supplied

Contrasting effects of biochar on N2O emission and N uptake at different N fertilizer levels on a temperate sandy loam

Biochar has been frequently suggested as an amendment to improve soil quality and mitigate climate change. To investigate the optimal management of nitrogen (N) fertilization, we examined the combined effect of biochar and N fertilizer on plant N uptake and N2O emissions in a cereal rotation system in a randomized two-factorial field experiment on a sandy loam soil in Brandenburg, Germany. The biochar treatment received 10 Mg ha− 1 wood-derived biochar in September 2012. Four levels of N fertilizer, corresponding to 0, 50%, 100%, 130% of the recommended fertilizer level, were applied in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) and winter rye (Secale cereal L.) in 2013 and 2014 followed by the catch crop oil radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis). Biomass and N uptake of winter wheat and winter rye were significantly affected by the level of N fertilizer but not by biochar. For N uptake of oil radish an interaction effect was observed for biochar and N fertilizer. Without applied fertilizer, 39% higher N uptake was found in the presence of biochar, accompanied by higher soil NH4+ content and elevated cumulative CO2 emissions. At 130% of the recommended fertilizer level, 16% lower N uptake and lower cumulative N2O emissions were found in the biochar-mediated treatment. No significant change in abundance of microbial groups and nosZ gene were observed. Our results highlight that biochar can have a greenhouse gas mitigation effect at high levels of N supply and may stimulate nutrient uptake when no N is supplied

THE EFFECT OF A NOVEL REHABILITATION PROGRAM ON WALKING PERFORMANCE IN PERSONS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

The current study examined the effects of the NewGait™ device on walking performance in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Eight MS patients participated in this study. Pre- and post-testing assessed kinematic gait variables (step width, length, and speed), ankle range of motion, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Participants completed an 8-week physical therapy (PT) protocol aimed to improve gait and balance, with the experimental group wearing the NewGait™ device. Repeated measures mixed ANOVA showed no main effects between the gait variables or between groups. Post-hoc paired t-tests indicated that the NewGait™ device elicited meaningful change in left and right step length and speed. The NewGait™ device may be a promising rehabilitation device to help induce positive walking performance changes in persons with MS

CHANGES IN GAIT AND COORDINATION VARIABILITY IN PERSONS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS FOLLOWING A REHABILITATION PROGRAM

This study investigated changes in gait and coordination variability in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) after an 8-week rehabilitation intervention. Data for eight participants (Control: 4, Intervention: 4) were analyzed via Cortex Motion Analysis software and Visual 3D to calculate knee and ankle joint angles as well as discrete spatiotemporal parameters. The knee and ankle joint angles were further analyzed using a vector coding technique to quantify coordination between these joints and how they produce a functional gait pattern. No significant changes in gait or coordination variability were found after rehabilitation, but some meaningful changes with large and moderate effect sizes were present. This study demonstrated a comprehensive overview of the relationship between process and outcome variability in a clinical population