Industrial control measurements of high chromium steel rolls heat treatment

In this paper, industrial control measurements of the heat treatment of high chromium steel (HCS) rolls is presented. Measurements of the gas fired car bottom chamber furnace Bosio PP- KP 70/1150 were carried out in the company Valji d. o. o., Štore, Slovenia. Temperature in the individual heating zones of the furnace, temperatures of the roll surface, furnace external walls, and gas consumption was monitored throughout the whole process of heat treatment. The temperature profile of the rolls cross-section was calculated using computer simulation. Periodical measurements of CO and NOx emissions were also carried out with the aim of combustion evaluation and ecological integrity. The successfulness of heat treatment was examined through microstructure observation, hardness measurement, and the amount of retained austenite in the heat treated rolls

Industrial control measurements of high chromium steel rolls heat treatment

In this paper, industrial control measurements of the heat treatment of high chromium steel (HCS) rolls is presented. Measurements of the gas fired car bottom chamber furnace Bosio PP- KP 70/1150 were carried out in the company Valji d. o. o., Štore, Slovenia. Temperature in the individual heating zones of the furnace, temperatures of the roll surface, furnace external walls, and gas consumption was monitored throughout the whole process of heat treatment. The temperature profile of the rolls cross-section was calculated using computer simulation. Periodical measurements of CO and NOx emissions were also carried out with the aim of combustion evaluation and ecological integrity. The successfulness of heat treatment was examined through microstructure observation, hardness measurement, and the amount of retained austenite in the heat treated rolls

Fabrication and characterization of new 6xxx free-cutting aluminum alloys with bismuth addition

Najpomembnejše avtomatne aluminijske zlitine, iz katerih se s postopki odrezovanja izdelujejo različni strojni deli, so bile do nedavnega iz serij AA2000 in AA6000, z dodatki svinca ali kombinacije svinca, bizmuta in kositra. Zaradi toksičnosti svinca se je v Evropski uniji sprejelo mednarodne direktive (ELV, RoHS, REACH), ki od 1. 7. 2008 omejujejo delež svinca v aluminijevih zlitinah na največ 0,40 mas.%. V zadnjih letih so bili predpisani še strožji ukrepi, zaradi česar si proizvajalci prizadevajo razviti nove avtomatne zlitine brez dodatka svinca. Cilj magistrskega dela je bil izdelati aluminijevo avtomatno zlitino AA6026 z dodatkom bizmuta kot nadomestka za toksični svinec. V sklopu eksperimentalnega dela magistrske naloge smo izdelali zlitino AA6026 z dodatkom 1,1 mas.% bizmuta. Raziskovali smo, kako dodajanje bizmuta v različnih fazah izdelave zlitine vpliva na sestavo, obliko in porazdelitev bizmutovih faz v zlitini. V prvem primeru je bil bizmut dodan v indukcijski peči, v drugem primeru pred odstajanjem v elektrouporovni peči ter v tretjem primeru pred litjem. Za karakterizacijo mikrostrukture smo uporabili svetlobno in vrstično elektronsko mikroskopijo ter rentgensko fazno analizo (XRD), temperature faznih prehodov med segrevanjem in ohlajanjem pa smo zasledovali z metodo diferenčne vrstične kalorimetrije (DSC). Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov smo izdelali model strjevanja zlitine s poudarkom na nastanku bizmutovih faz. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da se je bizmut v vseh ulitih vzorcih vezal z magnezijem v fazo Mg3Bi2, ki se je v mikrostrukturi pojavljala v dveh oblikah, in sicer kot primarna faza α Mg3Bi2 v obliki oglatih in heksagonalnih delcev, ki se je nahajala znotraj primarnih zmesnih kristalov αAl, ter kot evtektik v obliki palic, ki se je nahajal na mejah kristalnih zrn s fazama Mg2Si in Al15Si2(FeMn)3. Z raziskavami smo potrdili, da dodajanje bizmuta v različnih fazah izdelave zlitine vpliva na porazdelitev in delež bizmutovih faz. Najmanj primarnih faz α Mg3Bi2 znotraj kristalnih zrn je nastalo v primeru dodajanja bizmuta v indukcijski peči.Until recently, the most important free-machining aluminium alloys were from the AA2000 and AA6000 series with additions of lead or combinations of lead, bismuth, and tin. Due to lead toxicity, international directives (ELV, RoHS, REACH) were adopted in the European Union, which from 1 July 2008 limit the use of lead in aluminium alloys to a maximum of 0,4 wt.%. In recent years, even stricter measures have been imposed, which is why manufacturers are striving to develop new free-machining aluminium alloys without the addition of lead. The aim of the master\u27s thesis was a synthesis of AA6026 alloy with the addition of bismuth, as a substitute for toxic lead. Within the experimental work of the master\u27s thesis, we produced the alloy AA6026 with 1,1 wt.% of bismuth. We studied how the addition of bismuth at various stages of alloy manufacturing affects the composition, shape and distribution of bismuth phases in the alloy. In the first case, bismuth was added to the induction furnace, in the second in the holding electric resistant furnace, and in the third example few minutes prior to casting. Characterization of the microstructure was carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The temperature of the phase transitions during heating and cooling was followed by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. On the basis of the obtained results, we developed a solidification model of the alloy with an emphasis on the formation of bismuth phases. It was found that bismuth was bound with magnesium in the Mg3Bi2 phase in all cast samples, which appeared in the microstructure in two forms: as the primary α-Mg3Bi2 phase in the form of angular and hexagonal particles, which was located inside the primary αAl crystals, as well as the rod-like eutectic which segregates on the grain boundaries together with Mg2Si or Al15Si2(FeMn)3 phases. We have confirmed that the addition of bismuth at different stages of alloy manufacturing affects the distribution and the fraction of bismuth phases. The smallest fraction of primary α-Mg3Bi2 particles were phases formed in the case of bismuth addition in the induction furnace

Reactions of Quinolizine-and Pyridino[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-diazonium Tetrafluoroborates with Aliphatic Amines*

Reactions of 1-cyano-4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-diazonium tetrafluoroborate (1a) and 4-oxo-4H-pyridino[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-diazonium tetrafluoroborate (1b) with aliphatic amines 2a -g were studied. Treatment of heteroaryldiazonium salts 1 with secondary amines 2a -d afforded the corresponding N-alkyl-N'-heteroaryltriazenes 3a -h in high yields. On the other hand, reactions of 1a with aliphatic primary amines 2e -g resulted in an unexpected rearrangements into the corresponding picolinic acid N-alkylcarboxamides 4a -c

Mechanism of the Mg3_3Bi2_2 phase formation in Pb-free aluminum 6xxx alloy with bismuth addition

In the present work, free-cutting aluminum alloy AA6026 with 1.1 wt.% bismuth addition was fabricated by different melt preparation methods in order to investigate whether the melt preparation route affects the solidification sequence and thus has an influence on the machinability of the alloy. All experiments were designed to simulate variable industrial conditions: addition of bismuth in an induction melting furnace, addition of bismuth in an electric resistance holding furnace, addition of bismuth together with grain refiner, effect of holding time and melt temperature before casting. Detailed thermodynamic analyses (DSC, Thermo-Calc) and microstructural characterization (SEM-EDS, XRD) have been performed to explain the solidification sequence, microstructure development and especially formation of the intermetallic Mg$_3$Bi$_2$ phase