Who benefits and how much? : how gender affects welfare impacts of a booming textile industry

Exports of textile products originating from Sub-Saharan African countries have grown dramatically in the past decade. Recent trade initiatives, such as the"African Growth Opportunity Act"and"Everything but Arms,"along with low labor costs and improved integration into world markets, are giving further stimulus to the growth of the textile and apparel industry in Sub-Saharan African countries. Nicita and Razzaz explore the extent to which the poor are also beneficiaries of the export-led growth of particular economic sectors, or whether the poor are unable to reap any of the benefits and therefore fall further behind. They use a methodology that combines the matching methods literature (to identify individuals more likely to fill the new jobs of the expanding sector) with the industry wage premium literature (to quantify the gains of the individuals that move into the expanding sector). The results indicate that a sustained export-driven growth in Madagascar's textile and apparel industry will lead to a substantial increase in the income of poor households, with a consequent decrease in poverty. In a scenario simulating five years of expansion of the textile sector, the authors estimate that more than one million individuals will directly or indirectly receive some benefit. On average, households in which one or more members work in the textile sector get an increase in purchasing power of about 24 percent or US$14 a month. The results further show that benefits are unevenly distributed across male and female workers. Households in which a male member is employed in the textile and apparel industry increase their purchasing power by 36 percent or US$24.5 a month, compared with 22 percent or US$12.2 a month in the case of a female worker.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Water and Industry,Environmental Economics&Policies,Public Health Promotion,Labor Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Water and Industry,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Health Economics&Finance

Reforming land and real estate markets

Land and real estate reforms have not been effective at achieving their objectives, in part because of how they have been designed and implemented. To be successful, reforms must become comprehensive in design, argue the authors, although implementation may be phased over time and take local conditions into account. Reform must include three elements: 1) Institutional reforms that better define property rights, reduce information asymmetry, and improve contract enforcement. 2) Capital market reforms that make mortgage finance available at reasonable rates, especially for the poor. 3) Market reforms that reduce or eliminate the main distortions in the prices of goods and services produced by land and real estate assets. In their review of land and real estate reforms supported by the World Bank, the authors find that such reforms receive less attention at the conceptual stage than they should, considering their great impact on poverty, growth, and stability. They base their conclusion on the limited coverage of land and real estate issues in country assistance strategies, the main vehicle for identifying priority areas for reform. Most Bank-supported projects do not address all three elements critical for reform. And most provide no justification for excluding them, and no plan for follow-up. The Bank's Operations Evaluation Department rates Bank-supported land and real estate projects relatively well on outcome and sustainability but not on institutional development. But land and real estate reform is institutional by nature. The authors urge the Bank and policymakers to change course. After a comprehensive assessment of the status of real estate institutions and markets, all actors in this sector should be pulled together to develop a comprehensive approach to land and real estate reform.Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Land and Real Estate Development,Municipal Housing and Land,Real Estate Development,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Housing and Land,Land and Real Estate Development,Real Estate Development

What has changed? : the political economy of the Arab Spring and implications for the research community

This paper provides background to an international conference that discussed priorities for a research agenda for inclusive and sustainable growth, post Arab Spring. Special interest group (SIG) Working Papers present think-pieces that inform IDRC programming. Authors highlight that the challenges facing the Arab world remain fundamentally unchanged. Despite improvements in many indicators, the region’s economy has stagnated. Although challenges in terms of accountability in the public sector remain, some of the rules of the game have changed, and the public’s voice is now a part of decision making and development

Historical processes and their effect on growth of illegal settlements

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1987.Bibliography: leaves 55-56.by Omar Munif Razzaz.M.C.P

بررسی و مقایسه‌ی اضطراب رقابتی ورزشکاران دختر در رشته‌های ورزشی تیمی و انفرادی

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the level of competitive anxiety of female athletes before and during the competition. Anxiety has several physiological and cognitive symptoms. It ultimately leads to low self-esteem and frustration. Methods: The present study is a field-questionnaire and in order to achieve the above goal, 64 female athletes in the age group of 13-7 years were examined. In this study, the Competitive Anxiety Questionnaire (SCAT) was used. Results: There was a significant difference between basketball and ping pong groups (p = 0.012). Comparing the average of these two groups, we find that the level of competitive anxiety in the ping pong group is higher than the basketball group. There is no significant difference between the basketball and control groups, meaning that both groups are anxious. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the results that competitive anxiety in individual sports is more than team sports.مقدمه: هدف از این پژوهش بررسی و مقایسه‌ی اضطراب رقابتی ورزشکاران دختر قبل و حین رقابت است. اضطراب علائم فیزیولوژیکی و شناختی متعددی دارد که آگاه شدن از این علائم ما را در کنترل اضطراب موفق می‌کند. اگر از حد طبیعی بگذرد باعث کاهش عملکرد و کارایی ورزشکار و در نهایت منجر به کاهش اعتمادبه‌نفس و سرخوردگی می‌شود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع پرسشنامه‌ای- میدانی است و جهت تحقق هدف فوق به تعداد 64 نفر ورزشکاردختر با رده سنی 7-13 سال  مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در این پژوهش از پرسشنامه‌ی اضطراب رقابتی ورزش (SCAT) استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: بین گروه بسکتبال وپینگ‌پنگ اختلاف معناداری وجود دارد (p=0.012). ازمقایسه‌ی میانگین این دو گروه درمیابیم که میزان اضطراب رقابتی در گروه پینگ‌پنگ بیشتر از گروه بسکتبال است. بین گروه بسکتبال و بسکتبال (کنترل) اختلاف معناداری وجود ندارد به این معنا که هر دو گروه دارای اضطراب هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: از مقایسه این دو می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که اضطراب رقابتی در رشته‌های ورزشی انفرادی بیشتراز رشته‌های ورزشی تیمی است. &nbsp

Development of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for humoral immuneresponse and infection monitoring of anthrax

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗImmune assays were taken into consideration to diagnose and quantify metabolites such as antigen and antibody. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs), which are used to detect antigens and antibodies, generated several periods of infectious and vaccination conditions. There is an extensive range of commercial infectious disease ELISA kits useful for the detection of human and animal IgG, IgA, IgM antibodies and microorganism antigens. Anthrax is one of the serious infectious diseases caused by rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Subunit or attenuated vaccines applied against anthrax disease increase the antibody against the Protective Antigen (PA) which has a critical role as a toxin of B. anthracis. Herein, the ELISA was developed using PA domain 4 and anthrax Lethal Factor to detect IgG antibody in serum. Besides, the level of anti-LF antibodies were determined as a complementary test to measure variance in antibody titers associated with vaccination or infection that leads to detection of anthrax in livestock. The results show that we developed high-quality ELISA kit that can be used to test immunogenicity of vaccines and infections in mice. We tried to develop the Anti- PA4 ELISA kit and conduct the validation studies to evaluate the fluctuation level of the antibody in the anthrax vaccine and distinction between disease and vaccination in mice

Unfolded Adinkra Properties of Supermultiplets (I)

Adinkra networks arise in the Carroll limit of supersymmetric QFT. Extensions of adinkras that are infinite dimensional graphs have never previously been discussed in the literature. We call these "infinite unfolded'' adinkras and study the properties of their realization on familiar 4D, $\cal N$ = 1 supermultiplets. A new feature in "unfolded'' adinkras is the appearance of quantities whose actions resemble BRST operators within Verma-like modules. New "net-centric" quantities ${\widetilde \chi}_{(1)}$ and ${\widetilde \chi}_{(2)}$ are introduced, which along with quantity $\chi_{\rm o}$, describe distinctions between familiar supermultiplets in 4D, $\cal N$ = 1 theories. A previously unobserved property in all adinkras that we call "adinkra vorticity" is noted.Comment: LaTex twice, 52 pages, 19 figures, and 4 tabl

FEDSM2008-55068 3D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A PARACHUTE WITH TWO AIR VENTED CANOPIES IN A TOP-TO-TOP FORMATION

ABSTRACT In a parachute, an increase of drag force occurs when the frontal area or the area of its canopy is increased. To prevent the technical problem in deployment of large parachutes, designing parachutes consisting of more than one canopy with smaller frontal area with an air vent at the top of each one is suggested. In this investigation, several formations of canopies are considered, and all are set as concentric and is placed at the top of each other with some distances apart. The canopies are taken as solid bluff bodies (Hemi-spherical cups) for simplicity. The effect of two variables on drag is the main idea of this study. All the formations of the two canopies (Two bluff bodies) are based on two variables; the diameter ratio (The diameter of the upper canopy to the lower canopy), and the distance between the canopies. The drag force is found at maximum, when the upper and the lower canopies have equal diameters, and for when the distance between the canopies is twice the upper canopy diameter