Rhazes, pionir koji je pridonio istraživanju u medicinskoj praksi

Medical history explains that Persian physicians used scientific methods based on clinical experiences and observations for treatment from pre-Islamic time (before 637 AD) and centuries later (in the Islamic era). Rhazes was one of the Persian physicians acknowledged as a pharmacist, chemist and prominent scientific writer on various subjects of medicine and philosophy. In this study, we aimed to investigate clinical experiences, as well as the ethical and critical views of Rhazes in medical practice. Rhazes promoted ethics in the medical profession. He expressed critical key points about ancient written texts. He broke ancient physicians’ taboos in medical theories and evaluated them based on his own experiences. He designed animal and preclinical evaluations for his theories and also performed the first clinical trials with control groups in the history. His critical views about medical sciences as well as his beliefs in experiments resulted in many medical, chemical and pharmaceutical findings. Therefore, in history, he can be considered as the pioneer in using trials and experiments for approving medical methods.Medicinska povijest pokazuje da su se perzijski liječnici služili znanstvenim metodama u liječenju, temeljenim na kliničkim iskustvima i promatranjima još od predislamskog vremena (prije 637. godine) i stoljećima poslije (u islamskom dobu). Rhazes je bio jedan od perzijskih liječnika priznat kao ljekarnik, kemičar i istaknuti znanstveni pisac o različitim temama iz medicine i filozofije. U ovom radu nastojali smo istražiti klinička iskustva, kao i etičke i kritičke stavove Rhazesa u medicinskoj praksi. Rhazes je promovirao etiku u medicinskoj struci. Iznio je kritične ključne točke o antičkim pisanim tekstovima. Srušio je drevne liječničke tabue u medicinskim teorijama i procijenio ih na temelju vlastita iskustva. Provodio je evaluacije za svoje teorije na životinjama i u predklinici te proveo i prva klinička ispitivanja s kontrolnim grupama u povijesti. Njegova kritička stajališta o medicinskim znanostima, kao i vjerovanje u eksperimente rezultirali su mnogim medicinskim, kemijskim i farmaceutskim otkrićima. Stoga se Rhazesa u povijesti može smatrati pionirom u korištenju ispitivanja i eksperimenata za odobravanje medicinskih metoda

Rhazes, pionir koji je pridonio istraživanju u medicinskoj praksi

Medical history explains that Persian physicians used scientific methods based on clinical experiences and observations for treatment from pre-Islamic time (before 637 AD) and centuries later (in the Islamic era). Rhazes was one of the Persian physicians acknowledged as a pharmacist, chemist and prominent scientific writer on various subjects of medicine and philosophy. In this study, we aimed to investigate clinical experiences, as well as the ethical and critical views of Rhazes in medical practice. Rhazes promoted ethics in the medical profession. He expressed critical key points about ancient written texts. He broke ancient physicians’ taboos in medical theories and evaluated them based on his own experiences. He designed animal and preclinical evaluations for his theories and also performed the first clinical trials with control groups in the history. His critical views about medical sciences as well as his beliefs in experiments resulted in many medical, chemical and pharmaceutical findings. Therefore, in history, he can be considered as the pioneer in using trials and experiments for approving medical methods.Medicinska povijest pokazuje da su se perzijski liječnici služili znanstvenim metodama u liječenju, temeljenim na kliničkim iskustvima i promatranjima još od predislamskog vremena (prije 637. godine) i stoljećima poslije (u islamskom dobu). Rhazes je bio jedan od perzijskih liječnika priznat kao ljekarnik, kemičar i istaknuti znanstveni pisac o različitim temama iz medicine i filozofije. U ovom radu nastojali smo istražiti klinička iskustva, kao i etičke i kritičke stavove Rhazesa u medicinskoj praksi. Rhazes je promovirao etiku u medicinskoj struci. Iznio je kritične ključne točke o antičkim pisanim tekstovima. Srušio je drevne liječničke tabue u medicinskim teorijama i procijenio ih na temelju vlastita iskustva. Provodio je evaluacije za svoje teorije na životinjama i u predklinici te proveo i prva klinička ispitivanja s kontrolnim grupama u povijesti. Njegova kritička stajališta o medicinskim znanostima, kao i vjerovanje u eksperimente rezultirali su mnogim medicinskim, kemijskim i farmaceutskim otkrićima. Stoga se Rhazesa u povijesti može smatrati pionirom u korištenju ispitivanja i eksperimenata za odobravanje medicinskih metoda

Rhazes, pionir koji je pridonio istraživanju u medicinskoj praksi

Medical history explains that Persian physicians used scientific methods based on clinical experiences and observations for treatment from pre-Islamic time (before 637 AD) and centuries later (in the Islamic era). Rhazes was one of the Persian physicians acknowledged as a pharmacist, chemist and prominent scientific writer on various subjects of medicine and philosophy. In this study, we aimed to investigate clinical experiences, as well as the ethical and critical views of Rhazes in medical practice. Rhazes promoted ethics in the medical profession. He expressed critical key points about ancient written texts. He broke ancient physicians’ taboos in medical theories and evaluated them based on his own experiences. He designed animal and preclinical evaluations for his theories and also performed the first clinical trials with control groups in the history. His critical views about medical sciences as well as his beliefs in experiments resulted in many medical, chemical and pharmaceutical findings. Therefore, in history, he can be considered as the pioneer in using trials and experiments for approving medical methods.Medicinska povijest pokazuje da su se perzijski liječnici služili znanstvenim metodama u liječenju, temeljenim na kliničkim iskustvima i promatranjima još od predislamskog vremena (prije 637. godine) i stoljećima poslije (u islamskom dobu). Rhazes je bio jedan od perzijskih liječnika priznat kao ljekarnik, kemičar i istaknuti znanstveni pisac o različitim temama iz medicine i filozofije. U ovom radu nastojali smo istražiti klinička iskustva, kao i etičke i kritičke stavove Rhazesa u medicinskoj praksi. Rhazes je promovirao etiku u medicinskoj struci. Iznio je kritične ključne točke o antičkim pisanim tekstovima. Srušio je drevne liječničke tabue u medicinskim teorijama i procijenio ih na temelju vlastita iskustva. Provodio je evaluacije za svoje teorije na životinjama i u predklinici te proveo i prva klinička ispitivanja s kontrolnim grupama u povijesti. Njegova kritička stajališta o medicinskim znanostima, kao i vjerovanje u eksperimente rezultirali su mnogim medicinskim, kemijskim i farmaceutskim otkrićima. Stoga se Rhazesa u povijesti može smatrati pionirom u korištenju ispitivanja i eksperimenata za odobravanje medicinskih metoda

The effect of coconut extract on callus growth and ultrasound waves on production of betulin and betulinic acid in in-vitro culture conditions of Betula pendula Roth species

To determine the effect of coconut extract on callogenesis of Betula pendula, Roth stem barks were cultured in NT (Nagata and Takebe) basic culture media in two individual experiments: i) cultivation explant in different treatments of coconut extracts combined with 1 mg l-1 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and ii) callogenesis in NT media containing 1.5 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg l-1 BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and then cultivation under the first experiment treatments. The first experiment demonstrated that not all concentrations of coconut extracts lead to callus induction individually, but callus induction increased 84% in a culture containing 5% coconut extract plus 1 mg l-1 2, 4-D. Based on the results of the second experiment, this treatment also significantly increased the wet and dry weights of the produced calluses. The possibility of increasing the betulinic acid and betulin by ultrasound was also studied. Samples cultivated in the selected culture medium were exposed to ultrasound waves in two forms of 1) one exposure and 2) twice exposure (repetition with 24 hr interval) in steps of 20, 60, 100, and 160 sec, and one treatment as the control. Betulin and the betulinic acid amount were determined using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The maximum betulinic acid and betulin were obtained in 100 sec in once exposure (2.3 mg g-1 DW) and 160 sec in the twice exposure (0.75 mg g-1 DW) to ultrasound. The results showed that betulinic acid content was more than betulin

Effect of light on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings (Case study: Korkrood forest, Mazandaran)

Hornbeam is the most frequent species in forests of northern Iran. This paper aims to study the relationship between gap size and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. For this purpose Khanikan district in Korkrood forest was selected in northern Iran. Four sizes of gap were selected based on silvicultural definitions including: area with less than 200 m², 200 to 500 m², 500 to 1000 m², and larger than 1000 m² and in each gap, 4 subplots each 2 m² were laid out. The current study was made in 2 phases: 1) study on light intensity using fish-eye camera, and 2) quantitative (including collar diameter and height) and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. The obtained result showed that the intensity of light changed between 2 and 70 percent in different gaps and different locations of the gaps. The number of hornbeam seedlings increased with a relative increase in the light intensity initially and then decreased. Collar diameter and height of seedlings didn’t show significant differences among different light intensities. The number of seedlings was reduced significantly in the gaps larger than 500 m2. The best qualitative condition and the maximum number of hornbeam seedlings were observed in the gaps smaller than 200 m2

از گیاه هواچوبه تا داروی مرهم مفاصل: اهمیت طب سنتی ایران در طراحی داروهای جدید

Background and Aim: Persian medicine dating back to ten thousand years, has ability to solving some of the present medical problems. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of various drugs of Persian medicine on special symptoms and different diseases. Knee osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, consist of inflammation, major joint structural changes, causing pain and functional disability and at least decrees patients’ quality of life. MM ointment according to Persian medicine and reverse pharmacology is consist of Arnebia euchroma. L. This study intends to review these plant and the performed studies, to summarize the process of production of MM ointment and its effectiveness in these disease. Materials and Methods: Published sources from reliable Iranian and foreigner journals, books and thesis were used in these article. Findings: A. euchroma from the family of Boraginaceae, distributed in Asia and dry region of Africa. Its prominent components are Shikonin and Alkannin with widespread pharmacologic properties such as anti-inflammation, anti-microbial and anti-cancer effects. According to animal study and some clinical trials on patient with knee osteoarthritis, results showed positive anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of MM ointment on primary knee osteoarthritis. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in using the sources to write the article.                                                     Conclusion: MM ointment containing Arnebia euchroma using Persian medicine and reverse pharmacology with positive anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on patients with knee osteoarthritis, was more tolerable, with no considerable side effects, it leads to increase the patient quality of life.   Cite this article as: Mizani A, Naseri M, Yaraee R, Mahdi Barzi D, Jafari Hajati R, Ghaffari F, Alijaniha F, Bahaeddin Z. From  Arnebia euchroma to Marhame-Mafasel medicine: The importance of Iranian traditional medicine in designing new drugs. Medical History Journal 2021; 13(46): e26.زمینه و هدف: طب ایرانی با قدمت ده هزار ساله توانایی حل بسیاری از معضلات پزشکی کنونی را دارد. در سال­ های اخیر مطالعات بسیاری جهت بررسی اثر مفردات و داروهای مختلف طب سنتی بر روی علائم خاص و بیماری­های مختلف انجام گرفته است. استئوآرتریت زانو یکی از شایع‌ترین فرم‌های آرتریت بوده و شامل التهاب، تغییرات اساسی در ساختار مفصل، درد و ناتوانی است و در آخر موجب کاهش کیفیت زندگی بیماران می‌شود. پماد مرهم مفاصل برگرفته از طب سنتی ایران و با استفاده از فارماکـولوژی مـعکـوس تـهیه شده و حـاوی گیاه هواچوبه (Arnebia eucroma) است. این مطالعه قصد دارد با بررسی بر این گیاه و مطالعات انجام شده، خلاصه‌ای از روند تولید پماد مرهم مفاصل و کارایی آن در این بیماری را شرح دهد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مقاله از بررسی منابع منتشر شده در نشریات معتبر داخلی و خارجی، کتب معتبر و پایان­نامه­ ها استفاده گردید.   یافته‌ها: گیاه هواچوبه از تیره گاوزبان (Boraginaceae)بوده و دارای گسترش جغرافیایی در آسیا و مناطق خشک آفریقا می‌باشد. مهم‌ترین ترکیبات آن  شیکونین و آلکانین است که دارای خصوصیات فارماکولوژیک وسیعی از جمله اثرات ضدالتهابی، ضدمیکروبی و ضدسرطانی می‌باشند. نتایج مطالعه حیوانی و مطالعات کارآزمایی بالینی در بیماران مبتلا به استئوآرتریت زانو، اثرات مثبت ضدالتهابی و ضددرد پماد مرهم مفاصل را در این بیماران نشان داد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: صداقت و امانت­داری در استفاده از منابع جهت نگارش مقاله رعایت گردیده است. نتیجه‌گیری: پماد مرهم مفاصل حاوی عصاره هواچوبه برگرفته از طب ایرانی و استفاده از روش فارماکولوژی معکوس همراه با تأثیرات موثر ضدالتهابی و ضددرد در بیماران مبتلا به استئوآرتریت زانو برای آنها تحمل­ پذیر بوده و بدون داشتن اثرات جانبی قابل ملاحظه­ ای منجر به افزایش کیفیت زندگی بیماران می‌شود