Deformation and stress analysis of a U-shaped pipe compensator using a 3D scanner

The paper shows a comparison of the three different methods to determine stress and strain in a U-shaped pipe compensator which is used to decrease stress in long pipes due to the constrained temperature dilatations. The stress and strain are analyzed analytically first with some parts of the analytical solution obtained numerically, such as integrals with no analytical solution in a closed form, i.e., functional series can be involved as a tool to solve those integrals. The pipe is analyzed as a beam or a planar frame using the Castigliano's method to determine displacements. Since there are curved parts of the U compensator, the curved beam theory is applied. The alternative method to determine the strains and stresses along the pipe is shown using the numerical simulations in SolidWorks. The results are compared with the analytical solution. Finally, the experimental method using a 3D scanner is involved for a comparison to check the applied conditions in the analytical and the simulation model

Underwater explosion effects of 60 mm H.E. mortar bomb on a cylindrical concrete structure - PIT

PIT tests are usually performed when a mass distribution of High Explosive (H.E) projectile fragments is required. This paper shows the underwater detonation effects of 60 mm, M90 H.E. mortar bomb filled with Comp. B on cylindrical concrete structure (concrete pipe closed at one end - similar to a PIT test) which is 2 m high (inner height) with inner diameter of also 2 m. Thickness of both wall and bottom of a pipe is 0.35 m. Detailed characteristics of concrete which is used for manufacturing of a pipe are specified. Mortar bomb is submerged directly in to the water (no free airspace around the bomb) with the nose pointing to the bottom of a pipe. Number and mass of fragments after detonation are presented by table and photographs. Fragments of dummy fuze, through which blasting cap was protruded, are collected and reassembled to form a shape of a fuze after detonation where expanding of fuze material due to a detonation products is visualized. After underwater detonation, detonation of the same mortar bomb is performed in an empty pipe and the effects of this kind of detonation are observed. Distance at which fragments generated from submerged mortar bomb will not reach concrete pipes wall is also determined. Keywords: Underwater explosion, Mortar bomb, Blast, Comp B, Dummy fuze, Fragment

Inorganic analysis of herbal drugs. Part II. Plant and soil analysis – diverse bioavailability and uptake of essential and toxic elements

Eleven elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr) in seven herbal drugs (Salviae folium, Menthae piperitae folium, Melissae folium, Lavandulae flos, Basilici herba, Marubii herba and Origani herba) and in rhizosphere soil samples were determined. Amicrowave digestion procedure preceded the measurements by the flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques (FAAS, ETAAS). For potentially hazardous elements and their bioavailability, BCF values were also calculated and discussed in order to identify possible sources of specific elements

Multivariate characterization of herbal drugs and rhizosphere soil samples according to their metallic content

Seven herbal drugs and corresponding rhizosphere soil samples from the plantation near Belgrade were analyzed for mineral content. Eleven metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Ca, K and Mg) were selected as chemical features/descriptors and analyzed by FAAS/FAES and ETAAS. In a chemometrics evaluation of investigated plants-soil system, univariate, as well as multivariate statistics methods were applied. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed considerable reduction in a number of variables and the detection of structure in the relationships between metals that give complementary information about the relations and elemental patterns within plants-soil system. The power of chemometrics was also used in exploring the potential natural and/or anthropogenic sources responsible for metal content in both medicinal plants and soil samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to explore herbal drugs grouping according to corresponding soil samples as additional information to the output obtained by PCA. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.34th Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale, Sep 04-09, 2005, Univ Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgiu

Inorganic analysis of herbal drugs. Part I. Metal determination in herbal drugs originating from medicinal plants of the family Lamiacae

Elemental profiles of the total analyte content ofmajor, minor and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Ba and B) in 8 herbal drugs, originating from medicinal plants of the family Lamiacae, were determined. Flame atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy (FAAS/FAES), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) were applied, and the advantages and limitations of these techniques are also discussed. The whole procedure, from sample preparation via dissolution to the actual measurements, was validated by using CRM (NIST 1573a – Tomato leaves). The recovery values obtained were in the range 90.64 – 101.58 %. A high degree of similarity in their elemental profiles was noticed from the results of qualitative analysis, while quantitative analysis shows significant diversity due to the variety of the influencing sources. The medicinal plants investigated in this work contained Cu (5.92–14.79 mg kg-1), Zn (15.0 – 43.0 mg kg-1), Mn (25 – 111 mg kg-1), Fe (74 – 546 mg kg-1), K (1.80 – 6.24 %), Ca (0.90 – 1.43 %), Mg (0.17 – 0.67 %), Al (49 – 378 mg kg-1), Ba (15.53 – 69.84 mg kg-1) and B (34.7 – 56.5 mg kg-1)

Kinetic study of the reaction between sodium chloroacetate and potassium ethylxanthogenate

The reaction kinetics of the synthesis of sodium ethyl xanthogeneacetate from potassium ethylxanthogenate and sodium chloroacetate in distilled water as the reaction medium at 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C, were investigated. The obtained reaction mixture was a complex system which demanded the use of two methods for the kinetic measurements. The reaction was followed using the conductrometric and UV/Vis spectrophotometric method with equimolar initial concentrations of the reactants and under pseudo-first order conditions with respect to one of the reactants. The rate constants of the pseudo-first order and second order reactions were calculated from the data. On the basis of the reaction constants, the activation parameters were calculated and are discussed