L. Raynor to James Meredith (3 October 1962)

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/mercorr_pro/1865/thumbnail.jp

The New State Sovereignty Movement

In the past decade, states across the country have enacted a flood of legislation to resist perceived federal encroachments on their sovereignty. These opposition statutes assume a variety of forms: some, for instance, merely prohibit state officers from assisting in the enforcement of federal law, while others purport to nullify particular federal regulations. In the fields of controlled substances, immigration, and healthcare, among others, state acts of protest have stimulated the national debate and influenced legal obligations in important ways. This Article provides the first comprehensive overview of this nascent state sovereignty movement. It categorizes opposition enactments according to the legal and political purposes they are designed to advance, analyzes the likelihood of preemption, and explores the functions they may serve despite the existence of conflicting federal law. It then proceeds to identify the structural features these laws share as a class, before concluding with an assessment of their normative implications. The increasing polarization of national politics will only amplify the importance of state resistance efforts. The paucity of scholarship addressing this issue therefore represents a major gap in academic efforts to grasp the changing dynamics of intersovereign conflict in the United States. This Article begins to remedy that blind spot. The concepts it articulates represent valuable tools not only for exploring state legislative resistance to federal policy, but also for addressing the range of issues arising from federal discord and geographical polarization more broadly

The New State Sovereignty Movement

In the past decade, states across the country have enacted a flood of legislation to resist perceived federal encroachments on their sovereignty. These opposition statutes assume a variety of forms: some, for instance, merely prohibit state officers from assisting in the enforcement of federal law, while others purport to nullify particular federal regulations. In the fields of controlled substances, immigration, and healthcare, among others, state acts of protest have stimulated the national debate and influenced legal obligations in important ways. This Article provides the first comprehensive overview of this nascent state sovereignty movement. It categorizes opposition enactments according to the legal and political purposes they are designed to advance, analyzes the likelihood of preemption, and explores the functions they may serve despite the existence of conflicting federal law. It then proceeds to identify the structural features these laws share as a class, before concluding with an assessment of their normative implications. The increasing polarization of national politics will only amplify the importance of state resistance efforts. The paucity of scholarship addressing this issue therefore represents a major gap in academic efforts to grasp the changing dynamics of intersovereign conflict in the United States. This Article begins to remedy that blind spot. The concepts it articulates represent valuable tools not only for exploring state legislative resistance to federal policy, but also for addressing the range of issues arising from federal discord and geographical polarization more broadly

Cowgirl\u27s Night Out

In order to showcase the wild and wonderful world of rodeo fashion, a western fashion and lifestyle event will be produced on the Cal Poly campus. In conjunction with the Miss Cal Poly Royal Queen Scholarship contest, the Cowgirl\u27s Night Out event will aptly show the rodeo and western fashion of the San Luis Obispo community. With the aid of the Cal Poly Rodeo Team, Poly Royal apparel sponsors, local boutiques and fashion creators, western fashion will be put on the main stage. Similar to the Miss Rodeo America fashion show, sponsors and creators of western fashion will have an outlet to show their merchandise. Additionally, the cowgirls competing for the Miss Cal Poly Royal Queen title will have the opportunity to experience a professional show and add modeling to their repertoire. The Miss Cal Poly Royal Queen Scholarship contests has previously been held on campus with very little promotion and a small audience. The ability to showcase the hard work of these women in conjunction with an event to show western fashion creations will increase promotion and expand the audience of the Miss Cal Poly Royal Queen Scholarship contest and local creators

The influence of commercially-available carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein supplements on endurance running performance in recreational athletes during a field trial

Background It is recommended that endurance athletes consume carbohydrate (CHO) supplements, providing 6-8% CHO concentration, during exercise \u3e 60 minutes to improve athletic performance. Recently research has compared carbohydrate-protein (CHO-P) supplementation to the traditionally used CHO supplementation during endurance exercise, following these supplementation recommendations, in controlled settings, but not under simulated applied conditions such as a field trial. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to test CHO and CHO-P supplementation under applied conditions such that commercially-available isocaloric (CHO-P & double-carbohydrate [CHO-CHO]) and isocarbohydrate (CHO-P & CHO) supplements were compared to a placebo (PLA), within an outdoor running field trial \u3e 60 minutes in order to asses their influence on endurance performance. Methods Twelve male recreational runners completed four, 19.2 km runs, where they were instructed to run at a pace similar to race pace including a final sprint to the finish, which in this case was the final two laps of the course (1.92 km). Supplementation was provided before the start and in 4 km increments. Performance was measured by time to complete the 19.2 km run and last 1.92 km sprint. Results Analyses found no difference between supplements in time to complete the 19.2 km run (PLA = 88.6 ± 11.6 min, CHO = 89.1 ± 11.3 min, CHO-P = 89.1 ± 11.8 min, CHO-CHO = 89.6 ± 11.9 min) or last 1.92 km sprint to the finish (PLA = 8.3 ± 1.2 min, CHO = 8.2 ± 1.2 min, CHO-P = 8.2 ± 1.2 min, CHO-CHO = 8.4 ± 1.5 min). Conclusions When following recommendation for supplementation within a field trial, commercially available CHO and CHO-P supplements do not appear to enhance performance in male recreational runners

Academics and Agitators: White Women in the Anti-Apartheid Movement

The success of South Africa’s anti-apartheid movement depended on the efforts of some remarkable people who were committed to their cause. Ruth First and Eleanor Kasrils were two women who were so committed to the advancement of Africans in South Africa that they devoted their lives to it. They defied the midtwentieth century gender expectations—they spent years away from their husbands and children, working instead to end the injustices that some experienced every day of their lives. The two had similar upbringings but they chose to combat the apartheid system in different ways. Ruth First became an academic and wrote some of Africa’s most important literature on history and economics. By contrast, Eleanor Kasrils participated in a more hands-on style of activism through her work with Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed, underground wing of the African National Congress. How can two women who shared similar upbringings, beliefs, colleagues, and experiences have paths that diverged so drastically? What helps an activist decide if the pen really is mightier than the sword? This study examines the lives of both Ruth First and Eleanor Kasrils and emphasize the women’s respective educations, relationships, and writings in order to assess and find the motivations behind the activism styles of these two heroines of the anti-apartheid movement

Associations among food security, BMI, diet diversity and food consumption patterns of women in rural Kenya

Enhancing food security is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Improved agricultural production is an approach to addressing food insecurity. However, these efforts can result in significant changes that are associated with increased risk of non-communicable chronic diseases. Previous research with women in Central Kenya found that the number of years a woman-farmer was engaged in dairy development was associated with greater food security and energy (kJ) intake. No studies have examined food security and the nutrition transition among rural farm women involved in dairy development initiatives. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2009 and again in 2017. Chain referral sampling was used in 2009 to recruit 111 women in five groups based on how long they had been a dairy group member (non-members and members from one to more than 10 years). In 2017, 20 women were randomly selected from 85 of the dairy-group member households surveyed in 2009 and a comparison group of 20 women was randomly selected from a list that was generated by referral from the participants. In person one-on-one interviews were conducted with a translator. Demographic, household food security, and dietary intake were collected in both years. In 2009 women’s height and weight data were collected for BMI calculation. Associations among food security, BMI, dietary intake, and year of data collection were examined. Demographic characteristics were comparable between 2009 and 2017 and between food secure and food insecure  households. In both years, the majority of households were categorized as not food insecure (67% and 75%; 2009 and 2017, respectively). In 2009 almost half the women (49.4%) had BMIs in the overweight and obese category. Food secure women had a  significantly higher median BMI (26.5) compared with food insecure women (24.0). Diet diversity was low (<5) for all women and there was little evidence for a classic “western diet” of the nutrition transition. There was evidence of globalization in food availability and  greater purchasing capacity that was demonstrated by the high proportion of women that consumed sugar, refined fats and oils, refined maize and wheat flours, and bread. Household food security was associated with the consumption of sugar, cabbage, wheat  flour and bread. These findings support a unique rural nutrition transition, with food security, characterized by low dietary diversity, access to refined basic foods and high unhealthy BMI. Governments and non-governmental organizations need to support nutrition- sensitive agriculture and public health programs to curb the crisis of overweight, undernourishment and chronic diseases. Key words: agriculture, nutrition transition, rural, farm, Kenya, women, BMI, diet diversit

Promising Practices and Unfinished Business: Fostering Equity and Excellence for Black and Latino Males

Boston Public Schools (BPS) commissioned companion studies as part of its efforts to address achievement gaps for Black and Latino males. The first study revealed the increasing diversity of Black and Latino males and stark opportunity gaps throughout the system that contribute in large part to wide attainment gaps for these students. We hypothesized that in schools doing comparatively better with Black or Latino males than their counterparts, educators would be strategically and comprehensively implementing evidence-based cultural, structural, and instructional practices tailored to meet their the needs and aspirations of these students. Through qualitative case studies of four schools, we identified several cross-cutting themes that provide the district and school leaders with some positive news about effective practices found in all good schools: strong school cultures, professional collaboration, differentiated instruction, and, in the elementary schools, family engagement. While we observed pockets of best practices specific to Black and Latino male education, we also brought to light unfinished business, in that none of the four case study schools had an intentional and comprehensive schoolwide approach to educating Black and Latino males. This lack of intentionality resulted in a paucity of evidence that the school administration and faculty as a whole: (a) know and value students' cultural and linguistic backgrounds; (b) adopt explicit and responsive approaches to race and gender; and (c) develop and implement a comprehensive approach to culturally responsive curriculum and instruction. We posit that lack of knowledge, intentionality, and coherence impedes further progress in educating Black and Latino males, and has implications for educators in schools, for staff members in community partner organizations, and for family members of BPS students

A Review of Different Behavior Modification Strategies Designed to Reduce Sedentary Screen Behaviors in Children

Previous research suggests that reducing sedentary screen behaviors may be a strategy for preventing and treating obesity in children. This systematic review describes strategies used in interventions designed to either solely target sedentary screen behaviors or multiple health behaviors, including sedentary screen behaviors. Eighteen studies were included in this paper; eight targeting sedentary screen behaviors only, and ten targeting multiple health behaviors. All studies used behavior modification strategies for reducing sedentary screen behaviors in children (aged 1–12 years). Nine studies only used behavior modification strategies, and nine studies supplemented behavior modification strategies with an electronic device to enhance sedentary screen behaviors reductions. Many interventions (50%) significantly reduced sedentary screen behaviors; however the magnitude of the significant reductions varied greatly (−0.44 to −3.1 h/day) and may have been influenced by the primary focus of the intervention, number of behavior modification strategies used, and other tools used to limit sedentary screen behaviors