Lower order and higher order entanglement in 87Rb87Rb 5S−5P−5D5S-5P-5D hyperfine manifold modeled as a four-wave mixing process

Possibilities of generation of lower order and higher order intermodal entanglement in 87Rb 5S-5P-5D hyperfine manifold are rigorously investigated using Sen-Mandal perturbative technique by showing the equivalence of the system with the four-wave mixing (FWM) process. The investigation has revealed that for a set of experimentally realizable/relevant parameters we can observe lower order and higher order intermodal entanglement between pump and signal modes, signal and idler modes, and idler and pump modes in a FWM process associated with the 87Rb 5S-5P-5D hyperfine manifold. In addition, trimodal entanglement involving pump, signal and idler modes is also reported.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

Organization of Paramagnetic and Nonmagnetic Colloidal Particles in Ferrofluid

In this thesis, I have studied magnetic dipolar interactions between paramagnetic and nonmagnetic colloidal particles immersed in a magnetic fluid under the influence of an external time dependent magnetic field. These interactions play an important role in colloidal self-assembly. As a result, of these interactions different forms of anisotropic superstructures evolve in 2-Dimension and 3-Dimension during the self-assembly process. The time dependent external magnetic field is an important controlling parameter for the self-assembly process. The interactions leads to a specific equilibrium positions of the paramagnetic and nonmagnetic particles with specific orientations of the magnetic moments. Three different colloidal systems immersed in ferrofluid with external time dependent magnetic field have been investigated. In each of them the effect of inter dipolar interactions on the particles is discussed. Three systems are arranged and discussed in three separate chapters. In chapter 3, an attempt has been made to study the diffusion of particles in a colloidal flower system and compare the diffusion of the petals of the flower with other single file diffusion in 1-dimension. Beside the long-range interactions, in chapter 4, we have studied the strength of the systems and order of phase transition taking place due to core size effects of self-assembled flower shaped magnetic colloidal clusters and diamagnetic clusters in a precessing magnetic field. In chapter 5, different anisotropic assemblies and colloidal phases are studies as a function of the composition mixture of paramagnetic and diamagnetic particles in an external time dependent magnetic field

Vehicle Detection by Image Processing Using MATLAB:A Colour Based Approach

Due to increasing traffic in the modern times it is imperative to design a system effective in maintaining a record of vehicles passing through a lane or a road. This will help to decrease human interference with the system and result in avoidance of faulty data. Our method would try to focus on detecting cars based on color , so that a proper information about transiting vehicles can be maintained.with the development of color based tracking mechanism tracking of car will become more easier and will lead to further control over the vehicular accident. it has observed that drivers tend to get lethargic and lose focus in such scenarios lead to occurrences of accidents in modern times. hence our mechanism will help to predict the course of vehicle movement and lead to further help so that driver mishaps can be kept in check for road traffic safety and pedestrian protection in the lanes

The Finslerian wormhole models

We present models of wormhole under the Finslerian structure of spacetime. This is a sequel of our previous work (Eur Phys J 75:564, 2015) where we constructed a toy model for compact stars based on the Finslerian spacetime geometry. In the present investigation, a wide variety of solutions are obtained that explore wormhole geometry by considering different choices for the form function and energy density. The solutions, like the previous work, are revealed to be physically interesting and viable models for the explanation of wormholes as far as the background theory and literature are concerned.Comment: 9 pages and 7 figue

Recrystallization of epitaxial GaN under indentation

We report recrystallization of epitaxial (epi-) GaN(0001) film under indentation.Hardness value is measured close to 10 GPa, using a Berkovich indenter. Pop-in burst in the loading line indicates nucleation of dislocations setting in plastic motion of lattice atoms under stress field for the recrystallization process. Micro-Raman studies are used to identify the recrystallization process. Raman area mapping indicates the crystallized region. Phonon mode corresponding to E2(high) close to 570 cm-1 in the as-grown epi-GaN is redshifted to stress free value close to 567 cm-1 in the indented region. Evolution of A1(TO) and E1(TO) phonon modes are also reported to signify the recrystallization process.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

In situ synthesis of biomineralized magnetic nanoparticle within hydrogel

Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) is of high practicle interest in the domain of biomedicine and biomedical application e.g., drug delivery, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging, biosensing. The magnetic nanoparticles are explored due to its high tunability of its physical and magnetic properties. A considerable effort has been devoted for the synthesis of MNP e.g., ball milling, arc melting, co-precipitation, microwave and microfluidics techniques. However, hydrogels can offer a new platform for in situ synthesis of biomineralized MNP as well as magnetic hydrogels (MH), because of its an advantageous controled network structure. It is an emerging and promising concept, as most of the biopolymer are supposed to be biodegradable that can be considered as an alternative eco-friendly material too. In this work, "PVP-CMC Hydrogel" is used as matrix for synthesis of biomineralized MNP, where the unique porous networks structure exhibited within swollen/wet PVP-CMC hydrogel. Here, PVP-CMC hydrogel function as a chemical reactor, where inorganic salts (FeCl2 and FeCl3) are reacting with precipitating agents ammonium hydro-oxide (NH4OH) to generate biomineralized MNP. This method prevents from aggregation and shows a narrow particle size distribution. X-ray diffraction studies reveal the formation of magnetite phase. Structural and morphological analysis using transmission electron microscopy shows the spherical shaped magnetic nanoparticle with size of 10 ± 2 nm. The saturation magnetization of the MNP was 78 emu/g and 12 emu/g for magnetic hydrogel. This synthesis process can be used to synthesize "bare" MNP, MH and extended to other oxides by changing the salts for the biomedical applications.MSMT CR-USA Kontakt II [LH14050]; NPUI Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [LO1504

Investigating the Health of a Rice Field Ecosystem Using Thermodynamic Extremal Principles

This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of a rice field ecosystem and aims to define its integral features using the stability concept of an ecological goal function. This function is based on the extremal principles of thermodynamics, which assume that certain energetic processes of ecosystems—such as the rate of exergy destruction—are directed by the self-organizing informatics of the systems towards maxima or minima.  In our study, we exploit the availability of substantially long time-series data relating to a rice field ecosystem to gain an evocative understanding of its growth trajectory in light of the thermodynamic principles. We accomplished this by constructing a model based on the STELLA 9.0 software and calculating the extremal values of growth rates (storage) and those of exergy destruction and entropy creation. The results showed that the values of both maximum dissipation and maximum exergy progressed apace with that of maximum storage till the maturation of rice and became stable thereafter, whereas maximum residence time and maximum specific dissipation values initially decreased before their asymptotic rise. A similar pattern was also observed for the maximum specific exergy. However, the maximum power dissipation curve followed a highly fluctuated course before becoming stable on the maturation of rice