ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Consumo de drogas y violencia laboral en mujeres que trabajan, un estudio multicéntrico: México, Perú, Brasil Consumo de drogas e violencia laboral em mulheres que trabalham, um estudo multicêntrico: México, Peru, Brasil Drug consumption and occupational violence in working women, a multicenter study: Mexico, Peru, Brazil

Los propósitos del estudio fueron: 1) Determinar la proporción de consumo de drogas de las mujeres que trabajan; 2) Identificar algunos factores de riesgo personales y laborales que puedan predecir el consumo de drogas; 3) Identificar la presencia de violencia laboral y su relación con el consumo de drogas; 4) Identificar diferencias y similitudes de consumo de drogas y violencia laboral en las mujeres de las tres comunidades de México (Monterrey), Perú (Lima) y Brasil (Rio de Janeiro). El estudio fue multicéntrico, descriptivo, correlacional y comparativo, con una muestra de 903 mujeres. En los resultados se observa que la proporción de consumo de alcohol en México fue del 11%, en Perú del 53% y en Brasil del 45%. El consumo de drogas ilícitas en México fue del 5% y en Perú del 6%. La presencia de violencia laboral fue del 16% en las mexicanas, 24% en las peruanas y 39% en las brasileñas.<br>Os propósitos do estudo foram: 1) Determinar a proporção de consumo de drogas entre mulheres que trabalham; 2) Identificar alguns fatores de risco pessoais e laborais que possam predizer o consumo de drogas; 3) Identificar a presença de violência laboral e sua relação com o consumo de drogas; 4) Identificar diferenças e semelhanças no consumo de drogas e violência laboral nas mulheres das três comunidades de México (Monterrey), Perú (Lima) e Brasil (Rio de Janeiro). O estudo foi multicêntrico, descritivo, correlacional e comparativo, com uma amostra de 903 mulheres. Nos resultados, observa-se que a proporção de consumo de álcool no México foi de 11%, no Peru de 53% e no Brasil de 45%. O consumo de drogas ilícitas no México foi de 5% e no Peru de 6%. A presença de violência laboral correspondeu a 16% das mexicanas, 24% das peruanas e 39% das brasileiras.<br>The purposes of the study were: 1) Determine the proportion of working women who consume drugs; 2) identify some occupational and personal risk factors that can predict drugs consumption; 3) identify the presence of occupational violence and its relation with drugs consumption; 4) identify differences and similarities in drugs consumption and occupational violence among women from three communities in Mexico (Monterrey), Peru (Lima) and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). A multicenter, descriptive, correlational and comparative study was carried out, with a sample of 903 women. The results show that 11% of the participants in Mexico consume alcohol, 53% in Peru and 45% in Brazil. The consumption of illicit drugs corresponded to 5% in Mexico and 6% in Peru. The presence of occupational violence was found in 16% of the Mexican participants, 24% of the Peruvians and 39% of the Brazilians