LiF Reduces MICs of Antibiotics against Clinical Isolates of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

Antibiotic resistance is an ever-growing problem yet the development of new antibiotics has slowed to a trickle, giving rise to the use of combination therapy to eradicate infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined inhibitory effect of lithium fluoride (LiF) and commonly used antimicrobials on the growth of the following bacteria: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphyloccoccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The in vitro activities of ceftazidime, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, streptomycin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, alone or combined with LiF were performed by microdilution method. MICs were determined visually following 18–20 h of incubation at 37°C. We observed reduced MICs of antibiotics associated with LiF ranging from two-fold to sixteen-fold. The strongest decreases of MICs observed were for streptomycin and erythromycin associated with LiF against Acinetobacter baumannii and Streptococcus pneumoniae. An eight-fold reduction was recorded for streptomycin against S. pneumoniae whereas an eight-fold and a sixteen-fold reduction were obtained for erythromycin against A. baumannii and S. pneumoniae. This suggests that LiF exhibits a synergistic effect with a wide range of antibiotics and is indicative of its potential as an adjuvant in antibiotic therapy

Sexual behaviour and condom use among university students in Madagascar

Although the number of known HIV-infected students in Madagascar increased significantly between 1989 and 1995, very little is known about student behaviour with regard to AIDS. The study objectives were: to describe Malagasy students\' sexual behaviour and condom use; to document students\' perceptions about condoms; and to study the relationships between students\' socio-demographic characteristics, their perceptions about condoms, and their condom use. The survey used a cross-sectional design and was conducted at the Antananarivo\'s university campus sites. Anonymous questionnaires were self-administered to 320 randomly selected students. Descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Logistic regressions were performed to identify the predictors of condom use. Participants\' average age was 24 years. Approximately 80% of the participants reported sexual experiences, and the average age at sexual debut was 19 years. Only 5.7% reported consistent condom use. Common reasons for non-use were steady relationships (75.6%), the perception that condoms were useful only during ovulation periods (8.7%), and the decrease of pleasure (6.4%). The predictors of condom use were male gender, and the perception that condoms were useful during ovulation periods. Risky sexual behaviours with regard to AIDS were prevalent in this community. An HIV prevention programme is recommended. Bien que le nombre connu des étudiants malgaches infectés par le VIH ait largement augmenté entre 1989 et 1995, l\'information sur le comportement des étudiants par rapport au SIDA est très limitée. Les objectifs de cette étude furent: 1) décrire le comportement sexuel des étudiants malgaches et l\'utilisation du préservatif, 2) documenter les perceptions des étudiants envers les préservatifs, 3) examiner dans quelle mesure l\'utilisation du préservatif par les étudiants varie en fonction de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques et leurs perceptions envers les préservatifs. Cette étude a été menée dans les sites du campus universitaire d\'Antananarivo en utilisant un devis transversal. Un questionnaire anonyme a été auto-administré à 320 étudiants sélectionnés au hasard. Des statistiques descriptives et intervalles de confiance à 95% ont été calculés. La régression logistique a été utilisée pour identifier les déterminants de l\'utilisation du préservatif. La moyenne d\'âge des participants était de 24 ans. Environ 80% des répondants ont signalé avoir eu des rapports sexuels et l\'âge moyen de premiers rapports était de 19 ans. Seulement 5,7% ont rapporté l\'utilisation systématique du préservatif. Les raisons de non utilisation furent les suivantes : être dans une relation stable (75,6%), la perception que le préservatif est uniquement utile durant la période d\'ovulation (8,7%) et la réduction du plaisir (6,4%). Le genre masculin et l\'argument d\'ovulation ont été identifiés comme prédicteurs d\'utilisation de préservatifs. Les comportements sexuels à risque vis-à-vis du SIDA étaient prédominants dans cette communauté. Un programme de prévention du VIH est recommandé. Keywords: Sexual behaviour, condoms, HIV, students, Madagascar. SAHARA J Vol. 5 (1) 2008: pp. 28-3

Viral Etiology of Influenza-Like Illnesses in Antananarivo, Madagascar, July 2008 to June 2009

In Madagascar, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1978, little is known about the etiology and prevalence of viruses other than influenza causing influenza-like illnesses (ILIs).From July 2008 to June 2009, we collected respiratory specimens from patients who presented ILIs symptoms in public and private clinics in Antananarivo (the capital city of Madagascar). ILIs were defined as body temperature ≥38°C and cough and at least two of the following symptoms: sore throat, rhinorrhea, headache and muscular pain, for a maximum duration of 3 days. We screened these specimens using five multiplex real time Reverse Transcription and/or Polymerase Chain Reaction assays for detection of 14 respiratory viruses. We detected respiratory viruses in 235/313 (75.1%) samples. Overall influenza virus A (27.3%) was the most common virus followed by rhinovirus (24.8%), RSV (21.2%), adenovirus (6.1%), coronavirus OC43 (6.1%), influenza virus B (3.9%), parainfluenza virus-3 (2.9%), and parainfluenza virus-1 (2.3%). Co-infections occurred in 29.4% (69/235) of infected patients and rhinovirus was the most detected virus (27.5%). Children under 5 years were more likely to have one or more detectable virus associated with their ILI. In this age group, compared to those ≥5 years, the risk of detecting more than one virus was higher (OR = 1.9), as was the risk of detecting of RSV (OR = 10.1) and adenovirus (OR = 4.7). While rhinovirus and adenovirus infections occurred year round, RSV, influenza virus A and coronavirus OC43 had defined period of circulation.In our study, we found that respiratory viruses play an important role in ILIs in the Malagasy community, particularly in children under 5 years old. These data provide a better understanding of the viral etiology of outpatients with ILI and describe for the first time importance of these viruses in different age group and their period of circulation

The Airborne Metagenome in an Indoor Urban Environment

The indoor atmosphere is an ecological unit that impacts on public health. To investigate the composition of organisms in this space, we applied culture-independent approaches to microbes harvested from the air of two densely populated urban buildings, from which we analyzed 80 megabases genomic DNA sequence and 6000 16S rDNA clones. The air microbiota is primarily bacteria, including potential opportunistic pathogens commonly isolated from human-inhabited environments such as hospitals, but none of the data contain matches to virulent pathogens or bioterror agents. Comparison of air samples with each other and nearby environments suggested that the indoor air microbes are not random transients from surrounding outdoor environments, but rather originate from indoor niches. Sequence annotation by gene function revealed specific adaptive capabilities enriched in the air environment, including genes potentially involved in resistance to desiccation and oxidative damage. This baseline index of air microbiota will be valuable for improving designs of surveillance for natural or man-made release of virulent pathogens

Diagnostic des infections respiratoires par détermination quantitative des bacteries pathogènes dans les expectorations

Nous avons tenté de mettre au point une technique de culture des expectorations qui s'avérerait plus utile pour le diagnostic des infections respiratoires que celle utilisée actuellement. Dans le but, nous avons entrepris l'analyse bactériologique de 550 échantillons d'expectorations provenant de patients hospitalisés au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (P-Q) pendant une période de un an, allant du mois de novembre 1973 au mois d'octobre 1974. Nous avons comparé les résultats obtenus avec notre technique et ceux obtenus dans le laboratoire de microbiologie par la technique habituelle. Nous en avons conclu que: 1. la liquéfaction suivie de la dilution a 10-3 des expectorations permettait de mettre en évidence des germes pathogènes dans des expectorations provenant de patient ayant probablement une infection respiratoire et non chez les autres patients. 2. que cette technique était plus efficace que la technique de routine car elle nous permettait d'obtenir un pourcentage de positivité plus élevé ainsi qu'une plus grande fréquence d'isolement de germes pathogènes. 3. que chez les adultes le pourcentage de positivité des expectorations augmente avec l'âge. 4. que le pourcentage de positivité est plus élevé chez les hommes que chez les femmes

Diagnostic des infections respiratoires par détermination quantitative des bacteries pathogènes dans les expectorations

Nous avons tenté de mettre au point une technique de culture des expectorations qui s'avérerait plus utile pour le diagnostic des infections respiratoires que celle utilisée actuellement. Dans le but, nous avons entrepris l'analyse bactériologique de 550 échantillons d'expectorations provenant de patients hospitalisés au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (P-Q) pendant une période de un an, allant du mois de novembre 1973 au mois d'octobre 1974. Nous avons comparé les résultats obtenus avec notre technique et ceux obtenus dans le laboratoire de microbiologie par la technique habituelle. Nous en avons conclu que: 1. la liquéfaction suivie de la dilution a 10-3 des expectorations permettait de mettre en évidence des germes pathogènes dans des expectorations provenant de patient ayant probablement une infection respiratoire et non chez les autres patients. 2. que cette technique était plus efficace que la technique de routine car elle nous permettait d'obtenir un pourcentage de positivité plus élevé ainsi qu'une plus grande fréquence d'isolement de germes pathogènes. 3. que chez les adultes le pourcentage de positivité des expectorations augmente avec l'âge. 4. que le pourcentage de positivité est plus élevé chez les hommes que chez les femmes

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and tobramycin administered by hypodermoclysis in young and older healthy volunteers

1To test the feasibility of administering antibiotics by subcutaneous infusion to the elderly, we compared the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin (single dose of 80 mg) given by hypodermoclysis (HDC) with the kinetics of the antibiotic injected intravenously (i.v.) in 10 young (<50 years old) and 10 elderly (>65 years old) healthy volunteers. Similar studies were performed with ampicillin (single dose of 1 g) in 12 young and 10 older healthy volunteers

Leptospira in livestock in Madagascar: uncultured strains, mixed infections and small mammal-livestock transmission highlight challenges in controlling and diagnosing leptospirosis in the developing world

In developing countries, estimates of the prevalence and diversity of Leptospira infections in livestock, an important but neglected zoonotic pathogen and cause of livestock productivity loss, are lacking. In Madagascar, abattoir sampling of cattle and pigs demonstrated a prevalence of infection of 20% in cattle and 5% in pigs by real-time PCR. In cattle, amplification and sequencing of the Leptospira-specific lfb1 gene revealed novel genotypes, mixed infections of two or more Leptospira species and evidence for potential transmission between small mammals and cattle. Sequencing of the secY gene demonstrated genetic similarities between Leptospira detected in Madagascar and, as yet, uncultured Leptospira strains identified in Tanzania, Reunion and Brazil. Detection of Leptospira DNA in the same animal was more likely in urine samples or pooled samples from four kidney lobes relative to samples collected from a single kidney lobe, suggesting an effect of sampling method on detection. In pigs, no molecular typing of positive samples was possible. Further research into the epidemiology of livestock leptospirosis in developing countries is needed to inform efforts to reduce human infections and to improve livestock productivity

Recurrent Intravascular-Catheter-Related Bacteremia Caused by Delftia acidovorans in a Hemodialysis Patient ▿

We report the first case of recurrent intravascular-catheter-related bacteremia in a pediatric hemodialysis patient caused by Delftia acidovorans, previously called Comamonas acidovorans or Pseudomonas acidovorans. The patient had a history of multiple infections of central vascular catheters with other organisms, requiring courses of antibiotics and catheter replacements. Previously reported cases of D. acidovorans infections are reviewed. The isolate appeared to become resistant to cephalosporins after antibiotic treatment, but resistance could not be confirmed with additional testing. In vitro susceptibility testing for cephalosporins is not reliable for this organism