Persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky from poultry and poultry sources in Nigeria

Introduction: This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and clonality of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky in poultry and poultry sources in Nigeria, and compared the isolates with the clone of S. Kentucky STI98-X1 CIPR using (PFGE) and (MIC). Methodology: Fecal samples from chickens and poultry sources (litter, water, rodent and lizard fecal samples) were collected from  fourteen (14) poultry farms in 2007, 2010 and 2011 and were analyzed for S. Kentucky. Results and conclusions: Six percent of the samples were positive for S. Kentucky – all resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. The isolates are grouped within the PFGE cluster X1 of S. Kentucky STI98 CIPR, indicating the association to the emerging and widely spread CIPR S. Kentucky clone with poultry and poultry sources.</jats:p

Salmonella enterica isolated from selected poultry farms in Kwara State, Nigeria between 2015 and 2016 showed resistance to critical antimicrobials

Salmonellosis is a major public health hazard globally. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serovars isolated from selected poultry farms in Kwara State, Nigeria between 2015 and 2016 using a cross sectional approach. A total of 58 Salmonella isolates were serotyped, 13 different serovars were identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using disc diffusion method. All the isolates (100%) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. All of the isolates exhibited 100% resistance to ampicillin, 65.5% of the isolates showed resistance to cefotaxime while 63.8% of the isolates were resistant to either of ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Low level of resistance was observed for neomycin (22.4%) compare to other antimicrobials. S. enterica ser. 4, 12, 27: z: - exhibited resistance to all antimicrobial agents. Considering the types of samples that were positive for Salmonella across different local government areas, frequencies of resistance were statistically significant only to gentamicin (P =0.016) in Ilorin west local government area, only nalidixic acid (P =0.014) in Irepodun local government area, only compound sulfonamide (P =0.002) in Asa local government area and streptomycin (P =0.025) in Ilorin-South local government area. The results indicated the relatively high resistance to the antimicrobial agents tested and the multi-drug-resistance among the Salmonella serovars. These observations pose therapeutic concerns on poultry farms in the study area and may serve as potential sources of multi- drug-resistant Salmonella transmission to the humans

Co-occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria

Objectives: The occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in poultry poses the public health threat of zoonotic transmission to humans. Hence, this study assessed the occurrence of drug-resistant Escherichia coli in broilers in the largest live bird market in Kwara State, Nigeria in December 2020. Methods: Presumptive E. coli isolates were isolated using the European Union Reference Laboratory guideline of 2017 and confirmed via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Broth microdilution was performed on confirmed E. coli isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Five extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were selected for Illumina whole genome sequencing to predict the resistome, phylotype, sequence type, serotype, and diversity of mobile genetic elements in these isolates. Results: Of the 181 broiler caecal samples, 73 E. coli isolates were obtained, of which 67 (82.0%) and 37 (50.6%) were determined as MDR (resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics) and XDR (resistant to at least five classes of antibiotics), respectively. Whole genome sequencing revealed diverse sequence types, phylogroups, and serotypes (ST165/B1 - O80:H19, ST115/A - Unknown: H7, ST901/B1 - O109:H4, ST4087/F - O117:H42, and ST8324/A - O127:H42). The XDR E. coli isolates encoded resistance to fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and cephalosporins, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and macrolides. Mutations in the gyr A gene conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones were also detected. There was a positive correlation between phenotypic resistance patterns and the antibiotic resistance genes that were detected in the sequenced isolates. The XDR isolates also harbored two disinfectant resistance genes ( qac E and sit ABCD) that conferred resistance to hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively. The genome of the XDR isolates harbored several mobile genetic elements and virulence-associated genes, which were conserved in all sequenced XDR isolates. Conclusions: This is the first report of co-carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and disinfectant resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, Nigeria. Our findings suggest that poultry are potential carriers of clonally diverse, pathogenic, MDR/XDR E. coli, which may have detrimental zoonotic potentials on human health. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )Peer reviewe

Antimicrobial profiles of Salmonella species isolated from ruminants slaughtered at the two major abattoirs in Ilorin, Nigeria

Background:&nbsp;Foodborne illness due to the genus&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;is one of the major challenges affecting public health worldwide and a threat to socioeconomic activities especially in the developing countries. The present study was carried out to determine the isolation rate and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;species from ruminants slaughtered for human consumption at the two major abattoirs in Ilorin, Kwara State.&nbsp;Methods: Between November, 2019 and February, 2020, a total 500 samples were collected from the two major abattoirs in Ilorin metropolis (cattle, n = 240; goat, n = 260).&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;species were isolated and identified using standard bacteriological techniques. The isolates were subjected antimicrobial susceptibility test using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion assay.&nbsp;Results: 20 (4 %)&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;isolates were obtained, there was no significant statistical difference between the isolation rates from cattle (3.75 %) and the small ruminant (4.23 %). Varying degree of resistance patterns were obtained with high proportion of the isolates (&gt; 60 %) displaying resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin tested while low resistant phenotypes (5 %) were observed against quinolones. The isolates were pan-susceptible to gentamicin.&nbsp;Conclusion: The study documented multidrug resistant&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;isolates from ruminants slaughtered for human consumption. It is recommended that further studies to characterize the isolates will assist in recommending the appropriate control strategies to prevent the transmission of resistant&nbsp;Salmonella&nbsp;strains to human via food chain

Cassava Production Enterprise in the Tropics

Cassava, a tropical root crop, provides the staple food for millions of people around the world. It is one of the tuber crops that could be cultivated on a small scale in an environment with erratic rainfall, and without necessarily needing heavy equipment and machineries. Cassava could be successfully cultivated by resource-poor farm family. Farmers’ productivity could be as much as 70 tonnes per hectares under favourable conditions. However, smallholder farmers do among other things improve productivity through proven cultural practices and a mix of organic and inorganic measures. Irrigation is very necessary for achieving bumper harvest in areas with shortage of rainfall and insufficient soil moisture content. The concept of sustainability in the practice of agriculture has been on the front burner world over in recent time. Therefore, the cultivation of cassava with the aim of increased productivity without jeopardising the factors of production meant for future time is encouraged. Practices that combine traditional knowledge with modern technologies that are adapted to the needs of small-scale farmers are on the increase around the world. Depending on the purpose, cassava could be harvested anytime from eight month. Cassava leaves could serve as vegetable and the stems use as fire wood

Investigating Salmonella Eko from Various Sources in Nigeria by Whole Genome Sequencing to Identify the Source of Human Infections

Twenty-six Salmonella enterica serovar Eko isolated from various sources in Nigeria were investigated by whole genome sequencing to identify the source of human infections. Diversity among the isolates was observed and camel and cattle were identified as the primary reservoirs and the most likely source of the human infections

Safety Evaluation of Lawsonia inermis on Physiological, Andrological and Haematological Parameters of Male Wistar Rats

The leaves of Lawsonia inermis Linn are used in the treatment of many diseases such as diabetes, poliomyelitis, measles and gynecological disorders such as menorrhagia, vaginal discharge and leucorrhoea. This study was designed to investigate the safety evaluation of Lawsonia inermis Linn leaves (acutely and sub-chronically) on physiological, biochemical and histopathological changes seen in Wistar rat. Acutely, female rats were divided into four groups (n=3) and treated as thus A (untreated control); B (1000 mg/kg); C (2000 mg/kg) and D (5000 mg/kg). Sub-chronically, 25 male Wistar rats were grouped into five (n=5). Groups: A (control), B (100 mg/kg); C (200 mg/kg); D (400 mg/kg) and E (800 mg/kg). Lawsonia inermis Linn leaves have a wide safety margin (>5000mg/kg) and no mortality or visible toxic reaction was observed in acute phase. Lawsonia inermis extract did not inhibit physiological weight gain, except the highest dose that caused some weight loss. Haematological result showed that PVC, RBC, haemoglobin and platelets had no significant (P>0.05) effect unlike white blood cell and differentials (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) which decrease significantly (P <0.05) across all the treated groups compared to untreated control. Serum chemistry showed a significant (P <0.05) decrease AST. ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea, Total protein and Total bilirubin had no significant (P <0.05) effects. Serum electrolytes; calcium ion, potassium ion, sodium ion and chloride ion had no significant (P <0.05) changes. Lawsonia inermis is safe at acute administered dosages while nephrotoxicity and spermiotoxicity may occur following subchronic administration

Comparative Analysis of Change between Ellipsoidal Height Differences and Equivalent Orthometric Height Difference

Height is an important component in the determination of the position of a point. The study aimed at performing a comparative analysis of change between ellipsoidal height differences and the equivalent orthometric height difference of points. A hi-target Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) was used to acquire GPS data with an occupation period of thirty (30) minutes on each point, which were processed using Hi-target Geomatics Office (HGO) software to obtain the ellipsoidal heights. An automatic level instrument was used to acquire leveling data, which were processed using the height of collimation method to obtain the orthometric heights. A total of fifty (50) points were occupied as common points for both the GPS and levelling observations at 20-meter intervals. The accuracy of the height difference was determined using standard deviation with the ellipsoidal height difference as 53.59cm and the orthometric height as 53.07cm respectively. A Root Mean Square Error value of 0.0621m was obtained as the accuracy of the change between the two height differences. Statistical analysis using the independent-sample Z test was used to analyze the data at a 5% significant level. The result shows no significant difference in the performance of the two height systems. It is worthy to note that GPS and spirit levelling height differences can be used interchangeably for any heighting in short distances for surveying and engineering applications