Effect of Serving Factors of Milk Powder in Sachet Packaging on Total Microbial

The aim of this research was to study the microbial quality of milk powder based on the serving factors during milk powder serving process. The method used in this research was Total Plate Count (TPC). Nine sachets (400 g/sachet) of milk powder was used as many as This experiments used Split Plot Design, comprised three factors, storage factor (P1, P2 and P3), time of serving factor (morning and evening), and shelf life factor (day of 1st-7th). Each treatment consisted of three sachets of milk powder. Storage factors comprised P1 (sachets packaging contained of milk powder were placed into the glass bottle container), P2 (sachets packaging contained of milk powder were placed into glass botlle with spoon inside, and P3 (sachets packaging contained of milk powder with spoon inside were not placed into the glass bottle container). The results of this research showed that storage factors and time of serving did not sifnificantly (P>0,05) affect on the microbial count of milk powder, but shelf life factor significanly (P<0,01) affected on microbial count of milk powder at day of 1th and 7th. Milk powder in sachet packs (400 grams) has been opened, with or without spoon in the sachet and more than five days of shelf life can increase the total number of microbes, which was exceed TPC decision at 5x104 CFU/grams of milk powder

Optimum Feature for Palmprint Image Authentication

Palm print authentications have become extensive research in recent years. Some research discussing palm print authentication emphasize on matching of two feature vectors of it. Problem faced by the research in this field is the sampling process. Different position of hand geometry results in different palm print image cause palm print to be unauthenticated. This research proposes an approach to solve the problem by first making image dimension using Multi-scale Wavelet Pyramid (MWP) to produce features represent palm print image. The next stage is feature matching by using Hamming Distance Similarity. Testing in several levels combination show that integration of level 1 and level 2 yields optimum feature. The evaluation result produce that MWP has faster and better performance accuracy up to 77.93% with threshold 4700

Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Aktinomisetes Penghasil Antibakteri Enteropatogen Escherichia Coli K1.1, Pseudomonas Pseudomallei 02 05, Dan Listeria Monocytogenes 5407

Isolation and Characterization of Actinomycetes ProducingAntibacterial Compound into EnteropatogenikEscherichia coli K1.1, Pseudomonas pseudomallei 02 05and Listeria monocytogenes 5407. Dwi N. Susilowati,Ratih D. Hastuti, and Erny Yuniarti. The resistance ofbacterial pathogens to some antibacterial agents and sideeffects of the antibacterial USAge demanded discovery ofnew effective, safe, and active antibacterial compounds.Some pathogenic bacteria, such as enteropathogen Escherichiacoli (EPEC) that cause diarrhoea on children andinfants, Pseudomonas pseudomallei that cause melioidosison human and animal, and Listeria monocytogenes thatcause listeriosis on newly born babies mortality and death ofpregnant woman. Actinomycetes is the largest bacterialgroup that produce antibiotics. More than 10,000 antibacterialcompounds had been discovered, two-third ofthem were produced by this bacterial group. A study wasdone to isolate and characterize Actinomycetes producingantibacterial compounds effective against EPEC K1.1 and P.pseudomallei 02 05. Soil samples were taken from 39locations in Indonesia and 115 actinomycetes isolates wereobtained. Two of the isolates, i.e., isolate A3.5 that waseffective against P. pseudomallei 02 05 and isolate F6.1 thatwas effective against EPEC K1.1 evaluated further. Theisolate A3.5 had an optimum time 72 hours to produce antibacterialcompound, while F6.1 took 96 hours. The antibacterialcompounds produced by both isolates were dissolvein the a 70% ethyl acetate solution, but not in a 40oCwarm methanol solution because it is very dissolved. Theantibacterial compound extracted from the isolate A3.5 hada similar effectiveness to antibiotics bacithracyn 10 unit andneomycin 30 g. On the other hand, the antibacterialcompound extracted from isolate F6.1 had a similar effectivenessto antibiotics colistin 10 g and doxyciclin 30 g.Further identification of the isolates suggested that both ofthem belongs to the genera Streptomyces

Increasing of N-uptake by Inoculation of Diazotroph Endophytic Bacteria in Vermiculite Media

Intensive selection of selected 15 isolates on N2-fixing activities and auxin production to diazotroph endophytic bacteria showed that five isolates were superior, that is KACP12 (0.2569 μmol hour-1 culture-1), KACP13 (0.3026 μmol hour-1 culture-1), KACP21 (0.4592 μmol hour-1 culture-1), KACP32 (0.3131 μmol hour-1 culture-1), and KAMG2 (0.4843 μmol hour-1 culture-1). Inoculated five superior isolates into soybean seeds in vermiculite media showed that soybean plant inoculated by KAMG2 has the highest nitrogenase specific activity compared to others and control, that is 2,54 ± 1,2 μmol hour-1 plant-1. However inoculation with KACM and KACP32 showed higher N-uptake of soybean plant. Although this research has conducted within theearly stage of soybean plant growth, it is obvious that inoculated diazotroph endophytic bacteria in vermiculite media seem to be a good method to introduce selected strain envisaging growth promoting and nitrogen fixation

Etika Kesehatan pada Persalinan melalui Sectio Caesarea tanpa Indikasi Medis

Angka persalinan dengan sectio caesarea di Indonesia terbilang cukup tinggi. WHO menyatakan, angka sectio caesarea maksimum sekitar 10 sampai 15%. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikaji pengambilan keputusan melakukan tindakan sectio caesarea berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip etika kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, yang dilaksanakan di rumah sakit dan klinik persalinan di Jakarta. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam pada narasumber tenaga medis fungsional, bidan dan manajer rumah sakit. Data dianalisis menggunakan content analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan trend persalinan sectio caesarea sangat tinggi mencapai 70%. Persalinan sectio caesarea hampir seluruhnya disebabkan indikasi medis. Trend persalinan melalui tindakan sectio caesarea yang sangat tinggi tidak serta merta menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hal yang bertentangan dengan etika pelayanan kesehatan. Banyak faktor di luar indikasi medis, baik dari sisi ibu maupun bayi, yang menyebabkan sectio caesarea dipilih,antara lain faktorpsikis ibu,peralatan medis yang tidak siap digunakan untuk persalinan normal, hak pasien dalam memilih tindakan medis yang ingin dilakukan, regulasi yang lemah dalam mengendalikan rumah sakit yang menawarkan paket sectio caesarea, serta regulasi yang dipandang merusak sistem jasa medis yang telah berjalan baik sehingga mendorong moral hazard dari para dokter untuk membiarkan adanya permintaan persalinan melalui sectio caesarea tanpa indikasi medis yang adekuat

Gambaran Keamanan Cemaran Mikroba E. Sakazakii pada Susu Formula Bayi yang Beredar di Indonesia Tahun 2011

. Background. Infant formulain powdered form(powder) is not a sterile product. It is likely to contain pathogenic microorganisms, cause infectioning the infant. E.sakazakii (Cronobacter spp) is one of the pathogens as indicatorof the safety in infant formula. Method. This survey design is cross sectional and purpose of this survey is not to conclude lot a cceptance (safety assurance to a level of standard) or quality control of product.To ensure food security, the number of samples taken is one sample (n =1) per item from distributed products. Nevertheless, this survey uses 2 samples (n=2). Method used to detect E. Sakazakii in infant formula samples isbased onISO/TS 22964 : 2006 from Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) in July 2008.Method uses testing method validation. Samples are obtained from Indonesian regions which representing 7 Bappenas regions with a number of 88 samples, consist of 41samples (2 batch number) and 6 samples (1 batch number). Maximum Limit of microbial contaminants in food are set by the Head of National Agency of Drug and Food Control Regulations number HK.00.06.1.52.4011 based on Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) in July 2008. It determines the limit of E.Sakazakii on infant formula that is negativein 10 gram. This data is complemented with secondary data about GMP and HACCP implementation in industry which produces/imports infant formula milk. Result. The result showed that all of samples are negative in 10 g sample. In addition, all of the manufacturers have fulfilled the GMP requirements and have applied HACCP system in the production system. Imported baby milk formula products have to attach analysis certificate which declares that the products are negative from E. Sakazakii/10 gram. Keywords : E.sakazakii, infant formula, Cronobacter sp Abstrak. Latar Belakang. Susu formula bayi dalam bentuk bubuk (powder) bukan merupakan produk steril, kemungkinan bisa mengandung mikroorganisme sehingga harus dijamin ketiadaan patogen yang secara epidemiologis menjadi sumber dan pembawa infeksi pada bayi.E.sakazakii (Cronobacter spp)adalah salah satu patogen yang menjadi indikator keamanan susu formula bayi. Metode. Survei menggunakan desain potong lintang dan tujuan surveibukan untuk menyimpulkan lot acceptance (safety assurance to a level of standard)atau quality control yang dilakukan oleh produsen, tetapi bertujuan untuk menjamin keamanan pangan.Sehingga jumlah sampel yang diambil cukup satu sampel (n=1) per item produk yang beredar, namun dalam survei ini menggunakan lebih dari 1 per item (n=2). Metode deteksi E. Sakazakii pada sampel formula bayi dilakukan sesuai ISO/TS 22964 : 2006disertai validasi metode pengujian. Sampel diperoleh dari wilayah Indonesia yang mewakili 7 region Bappenas dengan jumlah 88 sampel terdiri dari 41 sampel ( 2 nomor bets ) dan 6 sampel ( 1 nomor bets ). Batas Maksimum Cemaran Mikroba dalam Pangan berdasarkan Peraturan Kepala Badan POM Nomor HK.00.06.1.52.4011 berlandaskanCodex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) pada Juli 2008 menetapkan E.sakazakii pada formula bayi negatif dalam 10 gram. Data di atas dilengkapi dengan data sekunder tentang penerapan GMP dan HACCP di industri yang memproduksi/melakukan impor susu formula. Hasil. Semua formula bayi negatif E.sakazakii dalam 10 g sampel.Disamping itu semua produsen telah memenuhi persyaratan GMP dan telah menerapkan sistem HACCP dalam proses produksi.Produk formula bayi impor wajib melampirkan sertifikat analisis yang menyatakan produk tersebut negatif E.sakazakii/10 gram Kata Kunci : E.sakazakii, susu formula, Cronobacter s

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Salmonella pada Daging Sapi di Rumah Potong Hewan Banyuwangi

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keberadaan Salmonella kontaminasi pada sapi potong yang disembelih di Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Banyuwangi. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah daging sapi yang diambil pada Januari 2018 yang disembelih di RPH Banyuwangi. Penelitian ini mengambil 25 gram musculus paha dari daging sapi digunakan sebagai sampel dan jumlah sampel adalah 32 sampel daging sapi yang diambil dari pemotongan sapi di RPH Banyuwangi. Hasil uji isolasi dan identifikasi menggunakan IMVIC menunjukkan bahwa 3.1% sampel positif Salmonella spp. sedangkan persentase sampel negatif Salmonella spp. adalah 96.9%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan hasil sampel positif 3.1% menunjukkan adanya Salmonella spp. ini bisa jadi karena RPH Banyuwangi sebagai tempat pengambilan sampel memiliki sanitasi yang lebih baik sehingga tingkat kontaminasi yang terjadi tidak terlalu tinggi

In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Tegeran Wood (Cudrania JavanensisTrécul) Extracts [Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Antibakteri Ekstrak Kayu Tegeran Secara In-vitro(Cudrania JavanensisTrécul)]

Cudrania javanensis generally used as natural dyes in Indonesia, but limitedis known about its biological activities. The study aimed to assess in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of C. javanensis crude extracts. The antioxidant properties of crude extracts were determined by the DPPH free radical and ABTS method. Methanol and water extracts were also evaluated for their antimicrobial activities toward strain of Gram positivebacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that C. javanensis wood methanol extract exhibited good antioxidant activity than water extract, which against DPPH radical with IC50of 12.23±1.43 μg/mL, andscavenging to ABTS radical about 964.69±15.05 mg trolox equivalent/g at 0.025 mg/mL, respectively. However, both of extracts did not possess activity toward antibacterial assay. This study indicated that methanol and water extracts from C. javanensis wood could be used as natural antioxidant resources

Pengaruh Pengawetan Pohon Berdiri terhadap Sifat Kimia dan Mekanis Bintangur (Callophyllum Soulattri) dan Balam (Macaranga Conifera (Rch.f. & Zoll) Mull.Arg.)

Teknologi pengawetan kayu dengan metode infus dan bandage-wrapping pada pohon berdiri yang masih hidup merupakan metode baru dalam pengawetan kayu. Metode ini memiliki keunggulan dapat mengawetkan kayu berukuran besar secara mudah. Kayu utuh berukuran besar dibutuhkan untuk bahan baku pembuatan Jalur, yaitu, perahu tradisional khas daerah Riau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan pengawetan kayu pada pohon berdiri terhadap karakteristik kayu, terutama sifat kimia dan sifat mekanisnya. Masing-masing sebanyak dua pohon dari jenis kayu alternatif bahan baku pembuatan Jalur yaitu Bintangur (Callophyllum soulattri Burm.f.) dan Balam (Macaranga conifera (Rch.f. &amp; Zoll) Mull.Arg) diawetkan menggunakan senyawa boron dengan metode infus dan bandage-wrapping. Sebagai kontrol, satu pohon dari masing-masing jenis juga ditebang dan diuji. Sampel kayu yang digunakan dibagi menurut posisi aksial pohon (pangkal, tengah, dan ujung) untuk diamati sifat kimia dan sifat mekanis dengan masing-masing tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa posisi aksial mempengaruhi sifat kimia kayu Balam dan Bintangur secara siginifikan pada kadar lignin (30-36%) dan kadar alfa selulosa (48-52%). Secara umum, sifat mekanis yaitu Modulus of Rupture (MOR) dan Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) meningkat secara signifikan setelah diawetkan, kecuali pada Bintangur untuk metode bandage-wrapping. Hasil analisis sidik ragam dan uji lanjut menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan infus memberikan pengaruh nyata yang positif terhadap sifat kimia dan mekanis kayu Bintangur, sehingga pohon Bintangur yang telah diawetkan menggunakan metode infus dapat direkomendasikan sebagai alternatif bahan baku pembuatan Jalur