Mechanosensitivity during lower extremity neurodynamic testing is diminished in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and peripheral neuropathy: a cross sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP) impact multiple modalities of sensation including light touch, temperature, position sense and vibration perception. No study to date has examined the mechanosensitivity of peripheral nerves during limb movement in this population. The objective was to determine the unique effects T2DM and DSP have on nerve mechanosensitivity in the lower extremity.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This cross-sectional study included 43 people with T2DM. Straight leg raise neurodynamic tests were performed with ankle plantar flexion (PF/SLR) and dorsiflexion (DF/SLR). Hip flexion range of motion (ROM), lower extremity muscle activity and symptom profile, intensity and location were measured at rest, first onset of symptoms (P1) and maximally tolerated symptoms (P2).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The addition of ankle dorsiflexion during SLR testing reduced the hip flexion ROM by 4.3° ± 6.5° at P1 and by 5.4° ± 4.9° at P2. Individuals in the T2DM group with signs of severe DSP (n = 9) had no difference in hip flexion ROM between PF/SLR and DF/SLR at P1 (1.4° ± 4.2°; paired t-test p = 0.34) or P2 (0.9° ± 2.5°; paired t-test p = 0.31). Movement induced muscle activity was absent during SLR with the exception of the tibialis anterior during DF/SLR testing. Increases in symptom intensity during SLR testing were similar for both PF/SLR and DF/SLR. The addition of ankle dorsiflexion induced more frequent posterior leg symptoms when taken to P2.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Consistent with previous recommendations in the literature, P1 is an appropriate test end point for SLR neurodynamic testing in people with T2DM. However, our findings suggest that people with T2DM and severe DSP have limited responses to SLR neurodynamic testing, and thus may be at risk for harm from nerve overstretch and the information gathered will be of limited clinical value.</p

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Neuropathy - and Foot Ulcer - Specific Quality of Life instrument (NeuroQol) for Brazilian Portuguese - Phase 1 Adaptación cultural y validación del Neuropathy - and Foot Ulcer - Specific Quality of Life (NeuroQol) para el idioma portugués de Brasil - Fase 1 Adaptação cultural e validação do Neuropathy - and Foot Ulcer - Specific Quality of Life (NeuroQol) para a língua portuguesa do Brasil - Fase 1

This methodological study aimed to adapt the Neuropathy - and Foot Ulcer - Specific Quality of Life instrument - NeuroQol to Brazilian Portuguese and to analyze its psychometric properties. Participants were 50 people with peripheral diabetic neuropathy and foot ulcers. The floor and ceiling effects, the convergent and discriminant validity and the reliability were analyzed. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient to estimate the convergent validity, the Student’s t test was used to evaluate the discriminant validity in the comparison of the NeuroQol scores between participants with and without ulcers. Floor and ceiling effects were found in some domains of the NeuroQol. The reliability was satisfactory. The correlations between the domains of the NeuroQol and the SF-36 were negative, significant and of moderate to strong magnitude. The findings show that the Brazilian version of the NeuroQol is reliable and valid and may be employed as a useful tool for improving nursing care for people with DM.<br>Estudio metodológico que tuvo como objetivos adaptar el Neuropathy - and Foot Ulcer - Specific Quality of Life - NeuroQol para el idioma portugués de Brasil y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Participaron 50 personas con neuropatía diabética periférica y úlceras en los pies. Fueron analizados los efectos floor y ceiling, la validez convergente, la discriminante y la confiabilidad. Fue utilizado el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para comprobar la confiabilidad y la correlación de Pearson para estimar la validez convergente; el test t-Student fue empleado para evaluar la validez discriminante en la comparación de los puntajes del NeuroQol entre los participantes con y sin úlceras. Se constataron efectos floor y ceiling en algunos dominios del NeuroQol. La confiabilidad fue satisfactoria. Las correlaciones entre los dominios del NeuroQol y SF-36 fueron negativas, significativas, de moderada a fuerte magnitud. Los hallazgos evidencian que la versión brasileña del NeuroQol es confiable y válida y podrá ser utilizado como una herramienta útil para la mejoría de la asistencia de enfermería para las personas con DM.<br>Trata-se de estudo metodológico que teve como objetivos adaptar o Neuropathy - and Foot Ulcer - Specific Quality of Life - NeuroQol para a língua portuguesa do Brasil, e analisar suas propriedades psicométricas. Participaram 50 pessoas com neuropatia diabética periférica e úlceras nos pés. Foram analisados os efeitos floor e ceiling, a validade convergente, a discriminante e a confiabilidade. Foi utilizado o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para testar a confiabilidade e o de correlação de Pearson para estimar a validade convergente; o teste t-Student foi empregado para avaliar a validade discriminante, na comparação dos escores do NeuroQol entre os participantes com e sem úlceras. Constataram-se efeitos floor e ceiling em alguns domínios do NeuroQol. A confiabilidade foi satisfatória. As correlações entre os domínios do NeuroQol e SF-36 foram negativas, significativas, de moderada a forte magnitude. Os achados evidenciam que a versão brasileira do NeuroQol é confiável e válida, e que ele poderá ser utilizado como ferramenta útil para melhoria da assistência de enfermagem para as pessoas com DM

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with diabetic foot ulcer

Introduction: Diabetic foot is one of the most serious complications of diabetes affecting about 150% of all diabetes patients, and it is the leading cause of nontraumatic lower limb amputations. This study presents a sociodemographic and clinical characterization of patients with diabetic foot ulcer indicated for amputation surgery.Methods: A cross-sectional study with 206 patients with type 2 diabetes and a diabetic foot ulcer indicated for amputation surgery. Patients were assessed on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, pain intensity and pain interference, after answering the Brief Pain Inventory, and on pain descriptors according to the Douleur Neuropathique 4.Results: Most patients were male, with little formal education and a mean age of 66 years. They had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for 18 years in average, and diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcer in average 3 years prior to the assessment. About 59% of patients experienced pain in the lower limb that significantly interfered with all areas of their functioning.Conclusion: The social demographic variables play an important role in diabetic foot ulceration. Given that the neuropathic ulcers are more easily preventable, systematic monitoring of patients with neuropathy is important. In patients with neuroischemic foot, strategies to cope or manage more efficiently the pain are paramount. Intervention should be multidisciplinary and take into account sociodemographic and clinical factors, as well as the presence, intensity and interference of pain in the patient's daily life activities and whether the patient has family or caregiver support.Características sociodemográficas e clínicas de doentes com pé diabético. Introdução: o pé diabético é uma das complicações mais graves da diabetes, afetando cerca de 15% dos indivíduos com diabetes, e é a maior causa de amputação de membros inferiores de origem não traumática. Este estudo apresenta uma caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica de doentes com pé diabético indicados para cirurgia de amputação. Método: estudo transversal com 206 doentes com diabetes tipo 2 e pé diabético indicados para cirurgia de amputação. Foram recolhidos dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. Intensidade e interferência da dor foram avaliadas por meio do Brief Pain Inventory e os descritores da dor, pelo Douleur Neuropathique 4. Resultados: a maioria dos doentes era do sexo masculino, com baixa escolaridade e uma média de idade de 66 anos. Apresentava diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2 havia 18 anos e pé diabético havia 4 anos. Cerca de 59% dos doentes apresentavam dor no membro inferior, interferindo significativamente em todas as áreas de funcionamento. Conclusão: as variáveis sociodemográficas desempenham um papel importante na ulceração do pé diabético. As úlceras neuropáticas são mais facilmente preveníveis; portanto, é importante o acompanhamento sistemático dos doentes com neuropatia. Nos doentes com pé neuroisquêmico, estratégias para lidar/gerir a dor de forma mais eficaz são necessárias. A intervenção deve ser multidisciplinar e considerar os fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos, a presença, intensidade e interferência da dor nas atividades de vida diária do doente, bem como a presença de suporte da família ou de um cuidador.Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT)This study was conducted at Psychology Research Centre (PSI/01662), University of MInho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio