Estabelecimento de ciclo de cura de pré-impregnados aeronáuticos Establishment of cure cycle of aeronautic prepregs

Os compósitos poliméricos podem ser produzidos via moldagem em autoclave, onde as condições de processamento podem ser otimizadas a partir do conhecimento físico-químico da matriz polimérica. A evolução da cinética da reação de cura ocorre simultaneamente com as modificações no comportamento reológico do sistema polimérico, sendo comum denominar o fenômeno de comportamento reo-cinético. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo conhecer os parâmetros de cura, cinéticos e reológicos, de três diferentes sistemas de pré-impregnados de resina epóxi (cura a 177 &deg;C), conhecidos como F161, F584 e 8552, hoje usados na indústria aeronáutica brasileira. Este estudo foi realizado com o auxílio das técnicas de DSC e reologia, utilizando-se análises dinâmicas e isotérmicas. Com isso, foi possível estabelecer a ordem de reação e a cinética de cura dos sistemas estudados. Neste estudo, foram utilizados como modelos matemáticos o de ordem n e o autocatalítico com ordem total de aproximadamente 2. A temperatura de gel foi de ~100 &deg;C, e o tempo de gel correspondente foi de 135 segundos. A partir do conhecimento da cinética de cura e dos parâmetros reológicos dos sistemas de pré-impregnados foi possível estabelecer um ciclo de cura destinado à consolidação das peças aeronáuticas via moldagem em autoclave.<br>Autoclave molding produces polymer composites, where the processing conditions can be optimized with physicochemical knowledge of the polymeric matrix. The cure reaction evolves simultaneously with changes in rheology, which is normally refered to as rheo-kinetic behavior. With the knowledge of the appropriate cure cycle one can identify the steps in which pressure should be applied and when to raise the temperature. This paper is aimed at investigating the cure, kinetics and rheological parameters of three prepreg epoxy systems, namely F161, F584 and 8552, which are currently used in the Brazilian aeronautic industry. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological techniques have been used, both in the isothermal and dynamic modes. Kinetics data were obtained from dynamic and isothermal DSC, with rheological measurements being carried out during the cure. The mathematical models used were the nth order reaction model and the autocatalytic model with order of 2. The gel temperature was ~100 &deg;C, and the corresponding gelification time was 135 s. With the determination of the kinetics for the cure and of the rheological parameters of the prepreg systems, a cure cycle should be established that led to high-performance composites using the autoclave molding

Transcription factors and target genes of pre-TCR signaling

Almost 30 years ago pioneering work by the laboratories of Harald von Boehmer and Susumo Tonegawa provided the first indications that developing thymocytes could assemble a functional TCRβ chain-containing receptor complex, the pre-TCR, before TCRα expression. The discovery and study of the pre-TCR complex revealed paradigms of signaling pathways in control of cell survival and proliferation, and culminated in the recognition of the multifunctional nature of this receptor. As a receptor integrated in a dynamic developmental process, the pre-TCR must be viewed not only in the light of the biological outcomes it promotes, but also in context with those molecular processes that drive its expression in thymocytes. This review article focuses on transcription factors and target genes activated by the pre-TCR to drive its different outcomes.Work in CL-R and JA laboratory has been supported by the Ramón y Cajal and I3 Researchers Programs (CL-R), research grants from the Spanish Government (SAF2009-08066, SAF2012-36535 to CL-R; and BFU2008-01070, SAF2011-24268 to JA), Fundació la Marató TV3 (080730, 122530 to CL-R and JA), the Marie Curie International Reintegration Program of the European Union (MCIRG516308 to CL-R), the Spanish Ministry of Health (ISCIII-RETIC RD06/0009-FEDER), and Generalitat de Catalunya (2009SGR601, 2014SGR1153). CL-R is a recipient of the ICREA Acadèmia Award (Generalitat de Catalunya)