Analyzing the Cyberspace Laws to Protect Data Privacy in Pakistan

[Purpose] Cyberspace technology has become an unavoidable forum for communications, connections, and transactions. This phenomenon, however, led to cybercrimes and hi-tech crimes such as data leaking, stealing, blackmailing, digital fraud, bullying and hacking, and all this has put the cyberspace technology at risk and a great threat to the security and privacy of the people. In Pakistan, cybercrimes are on the rise and despite several laws had been published on the topic, the rate of cybercrimes is increasing every passing year. In this context, this study examines the existing regulatory and legal framework for data protection in Pakistan and to find out the major challenges in the way of application and enforcement mechanism. [Methodology] The conceptual framework of the research answers the question on to what extent the existing laws and enforcement mechanism of Pakistan is effective in protecting the data and information in the cyberspace? It highlights the importance of cyberspace technology nowadays and addresses the global agenda to combat cybercrimes, analyzes the Pakistani laws on the protection of data and privacy in cyberspace, and identifies major challenges in the way of the enforcement mechanism. The study focuses on the cyberspace laws of Pakistan with reference to the cybercrimes from a national perspective. [Findings] This paper asserts that there is sufficient protection of cyberspace laws in Pakistan although they lack proper enforcement and are plagued with poor management

ASSESSMENT DRIVES STUDENT LEARNING: EVIDENCE FOR SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT FROM PAKISTAN

Research studies from various parts of the world indicate that university students find research methodology courses among the most difficult subjects to grasp. Students in Pakistan display similar attitudes towards learning of research. Those of us who teach research at the institutions of higher learning in Pakistan continuously hear students describe research as one of the most ‘difficult and dry’ subject they have to study. Hence, we as teachers of research at these institutions keep lookingfor ways to increase students’ interest in and academic achievement of research. In that spirit, we designed two assessment tasks for a research methodology course at Master’s level and used them to assess the difference in learning. For one of the assignments assessment was summative with final official grade at the end of the semester while the other was put through formative assessmentand no official final grade was assigned to it. The results of our study reinforce the centrality of assessment to the learning of students and indicate that students’ put more efforts in learning a task that carries final grade. Although our results do not support the effectiveness of formative assessment we have raised concerns about the ‘dialogical’ nature of feedback to students. Despite the fact that the context of our study is Pakistan, the implications of our research may be discussed in the larger context of teaching and learning of research especially in contexts where the medium of instruction is not local or national language

Clinical Legal Education and its Implication on Legal Education System in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects

Purpose: To improve the standard of legal education, legal clinic is one of the modern techniques. Legal profession is a noble profession as it is considered to uphold the justice in a society. A law student may be taught in a such manner that he must be well equipped with professional skills. Methodology: Previous studies have been discussed with the help of current data for thorough review of challenges in Pakistan.  Findings: In Pakistan, legal education system needs many reforms in order to produce good lawyers. Without professional skills and practical knowledge; a law graduate is unable to utilize his degree in a proper manner. To attain such professional skills; legal clinics are good approach. Where students may be able to seek practical knowledge and also helping the deserving people. LL. B degree awarding institutions shall make it possible to provide clinical legal education. Law clinics must be installed in law faculties where the experts may be available to educate students. Implications: In this paper, the importance of law clinic is discussed and certain issues are highlighted which are prevailing in current legal education system of Pakistan. Study can help out policy makers to identify challenges and to overcome these issues they can formulate different strategies.    &nbsp

ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL DEVICES AND TOOLS INVOLVED IN DIGITAL INVESTIGATION

The crime, is no longer substantive, it can be executed without the weapons, by manipulating the technology available in the market, these crimes are commonly known as cybercrimes, the term cybercrime can be defined as crimes in which computer is object of crimes (hacking, phishing, spamming) or used as medium to commit the crime, the offenders manipulate these devices to commit the crimes, like accessing personal information, passwords and use them for malicious purposes. The war against these offences can only be fought with the equipment whether in substantive form or in soft, as it is a common phrase that "iron cuts iron", the digital devices when manipulated and compromised are subject to digital investigation and afterwards forensic examination, the footprints that the offenders left behind after commission of offence, can only be traced by using these tools and devices. There are numbers of software and hardware that are being utilized during the investigation of digital offence and in the forensic laboratories of almost every state to authenticate the evidence, collected during the course of digital investigation

Sociocultural and Religious Prospects of the Issue of Gender Disparity: Pakistan Perspective

For many decades, the women of Pakistan are suffering from the issue of gender disparity and despite certain legislations to strengthen the women, the issue could not be resolved. The Global Gender Gap Index Report 2020 ranked Pakistan 3rd worst,151 out of 153 developing countries following by Yemen and Iraq. This situation thus, leads that there are some major flaws in the existing cultural system and in the education of religion due to which the issue has become a dilemma for both, the state and the society. In this context, this study aims to analyze the issue in the light of the Qur’an, the Sunnah (pbuh) and the sociocultural context of Pakistan. After a thorough investigation, this study found cultural rigidity, illiteracy, and lack of scientific understanding of the relevant provisions of the Qur’an and Sunnah (pbuh), major contributors in the development of gender disparity. This research, thus, recommends an overhauling of the system of education, and study of the Qur’an and Sunnah (pbuh) in the light of the changed sociological context which would lead to the reformation of the rigid culture and would improve the issue of gender disparity

Access to Own Dwelling through Ijarah at Islamic Banks and State-Owned Housing Scheme in Pakistan

Purpose: Access to a safe dwelling is one of the necessities of life and an indicator to reveal the economic development of a country. In Pakistan, however, the majority of the people do not have their dwelling rather have to spend their life in renting homes or in slums. To overcome the housing shortfall, the State Bank of Pakistan has pronounced a low-cost housing scheme for the poor and the low-income segment of the society while the Islamic banking sector also offers ijarah facility to purchase or to construct own dwelling and claims to work in the objective of Islamic legal system. Therefore, this study aims to analyze critically,  ijarah and state-owned low-cost housing scheme from the public insight. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research aims to utilize analytical, theoretical, and empirical methods of research rather than some combination thereof by utilizing experimental reasoning based on naturally occurring data, reports, and surveys. To evaluate ijarah and government housing scheme from public insight, a survey of 100 salaried persons has been conducted by way of the questionnaire at different companies in  District Rawalpindi. Findings: This study found that Pakistan is suffering from the acute issue of lack of own dwelling. The result of the conducted survey reveals that the majority of the employed people showed more trust in the state-owned housing scheme than ijarah at Islamic banks. Those people showed their interest in the state-owned housing scheme than ijarah at Islamic banks. Implications/Originality/Value:  The practical approach to ijarah at Islamic bank found in trust deficit concerning the public insight. That ijarah does not provide low-cost homes to the homeless people, hence not serving by Shari’ah. The current policy of the state provides an opportunity to ijarah to facilitate poor people by softening its terms and conditions and by way of qard-e-hasanah.&nbsp

A Comparative Study of Perjury in Legal System of Pakistan and Islamic Law

Perjury is one of the crimes that harm criminal justice; Action against criminal justice means behavior that affects people's right to access the justice system or society's right to prosecute and punish criminals. The witness is considered a reason to prove disputes in both legal and criminal complaints, and due to the importance and value of the evidence, perjury has its specific implications. In our criminal justice system, testimony is a way of legal knowledge and reasoning to diagnose crimes committed by the accused. The testimony is not used in criminal matters, and ignoring his way is not against the accused. Consequently, truth is essential, and testimony cannot be used if it is not true. This paper expresses various forms and numerous aspects of perjury along with its definition, discusses perjury as part of the behavioral and psychological approach of sociology, and finally analyzes the laws of Perjury in Pakistan along with the relevant sections of the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (PPC), Qanoon and Shahadat Ordinance, 1984 (QSO) and The Oaths Act, 1873 and other  Islamic provisions of laws relating to perjury

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL SHAREHOLDERS IN THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN

By actively participating in the business of the investee company, institutional investors can play an active role in promoting the excellent corporate governance activities of Pakistani listed companies. Institutional investors like the United Kingdom and the United States have been told and done a lot about the effectiveness of institutional investors. However, in Pakistan, equity ownership is concentrated in the hands of individual investors, so little research or work has been done on this point. Their role can be very effective and vital even in Pakistan by improving the basic corporate structure and nature of business which will be discussed here