A Corpus Driven Comparative Analysis of Modal Verbs in Pakistani and British English Fictions

The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative corpus driven stylistic analysis of modal verbs in Pakistani and British English fictions. For this purpose, corpora of Pakistani English fiction (PEF) and British English fiction (BEF), consisting of one million words each has been compiled. POS tagging has been done on both the corpora, using software CLAWS tag set C 7. With the help of software Antconc 3.2.4, concordance lines of the tagged data have been manually explored for detailed study of modal verbs. The research is important as it helps to identify various insights that have been conveyed through the use of modal verbs in PEF and BEF. The study also assists in the stylistic interpretation of other word classes. This research has opened new horizons for the future researcher. It is also helpful for the teachers as well as the students of literature to have a better understanding of literature. Key Words: Corpus Stylistics, PEF, BEF, Modal Verb

A Corpus Driven Comparative Study of Representation of ‘Man’ and ‘Woman’ in Pakistani and British English Fictions

This study is a comparative stylistic analysis of Pakistani and British English fictions. The purpose of this study is to bring forth the representation of Man and Woman in both Pakistani and British English fictions.  The research is a mixed method research but its major inclination is towards qualitative methodology. For this research, data has been collected from Pakistani and British English Fictions. The corpora of Pakistani English Fiction (PEF) and British English Fiction (BEF) consisting one million words each has been compiled. The research has examined the use of adjectives and verbs that have been used with Man and Woman in both the corpora. The research will open new vistas for the future researchers and will assist teachers as well as the student of literature in the better understanding of Pakistani English Fiction

ETHNOMYCOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF SOME WILD MUSHROOMS OF NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA

  Objective: Mushrooms are known for their nutritional and medicinal importance from ancient times throughout the world. The use of mushrooms as valuable tonic, food, and ethnomedicines has also been reported from India. However, information on the ethnomedicinal use of mushrooms is not available from the surveyed area of Kashmir valley. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the ethnomedicinal use of wild mushrooms from the Northern districts of Jammu and Kashmir.Materials and Methods: Different remote areas of Northern districts, Baramulla and Kupwara of Kashmir Valley were surveyed to document the indigenous use of various mushrooms growing in the area by local tribal people and local herbalists. Mushroom hunters, local Hakims, herbalists and aged people from tribal communities and nomads were consulted, interviewed and taken as guides to collect various mushroom species.Results: The mushroom samples collected from the study area were used as a source of food and medicines for different ailments. The specimens collected were photographed by Sony cyber shot 12.1 megapixel camera in their natural habitats and were identified on the basis of macro and microscopic characters, expert mushroom taxonomists, field guides and standard related literature. The study revealed that 33 mushroom species belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes were used for their nutritional and medicinal values. These mushrooms were used by the local hakims against various ailments ranging from respiratory, blood and heart ailments, arthritis, nervous and urogenital diseases either alone or in combination with some herbs.Conclusions: It was concluded from this study that all the mushrooms used by the local tribal people and local herbalists for different ailments can be further evaluated for medicinal value and for bioactive constituents

EEffect of folic acid on fluoride induced morphological alterations in the liver of albino wistar rats

Objective: To observe the histomorphological changes in liver of Albino wistar rats induced by Fluoride and effect of Folic acid.Methodology: This quasi experimental study was conducted at Anatomy department & postgraduate Laboratory of Isra University Hyderabad Sindh from April 2018 to September 2018. Total forty healthy rats 8-12 weeks old and weight 150-250gm were selected. Animals were divided in 4 groups in equal numbers. Animals of Group A, were given normal diet, Group B, received distilled water mixed with Fluoride (10.0mg/kg) and group C received distilled water mixed with Fluoride (10mg/kg) along with folic acid supplement (2.5mg/kg). Group D, animals received Fluoride (10mg/kg) for four weeks initially and then folic acid (2.5mg/kg) mixed distilled water was given for additional four weeks.  After completion of experiment, the rats were sacrificed and hepatic tissues were processed to prepare paraffin blocks. 4-6 micrometer sections were obtained for slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to observe under light microscope. All the data was recorded in proforma. Results: Liver weight was insignificant among all study groups. On histological examinations, fibrotic changes were significantly higher among all experimental groups as compare to control group whereas folic acid consumption reduced it. Necrotic changes, hepatic inflammatory changes, sinusoidal dilatation and congested portal veins were found higher among animals of experimental group B as compared to group C and group D, while no changes found in control group.Conclusion: Fluoride exposure that impair liver architecture, is potently supported by the portal inflammation, necrosis, and histological alterations. Folic acid is the best supplement to prevent and revert the hepatic histological alterations caused by fluorid

EEffect of folic acid on fluoride induced morphological alterations in the liver of albino wistar rats

Objective: To observe the histomorphological changes in liver of Albino wistar rats induced by Fluoride and effect of Folic acid.Methodology: This quasi experimental study was conducted at Anatomy department & postgraduate Laboratory of Isra University Hyderabad Sindh from April 2018 to September 2018. Total forty healthy rats 8-12 weeks old and weight 150-250gm were selected. Animals were divided in 4 groups in equal numbers. Animals of Group A, were given normal diet, Group B, received distilled water mixed with Fluoride (10.0mg/kg) and group C received distilled water mixed with Fluoride (10mg/kg) along with folic acid supplement (2.5mg/kg). Group D, animals received Fluoride (10mg/kg) for four weeks initially and then folic acid (2.5mg/kg) mixed distilled water was given for additional four weeks.  After completion of experiment, the rats were sacrificed and hepatic tissues were processed to prepare paraffin blocks. 4-6 micrometer sections were obtained for slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to observe under light microscope. All the data was recorded in proforma. Results: Liver weight was insignificant among all study groups. On histological examinations, fibrotic changes were significantly higher among all experimental groups as compare to control group whereas folic acid consumption reduced it. Necrotic changes, hepatic inflammatory changes, sinusoidal dilatation and congested portal veins were found higher among animals of experimental group B as compared to group C and group D, while no changes found in control group.Conclusion: Fluoride exposure that impair liver architecture, is potently supported by the portal inflammation, necrosis, and histological alterations. Folic acid is the best supplement to prevent and revert the hepatic histological alterations caused by fluorid

E. coli in tropical urban rivers : a case study of the Sungai Gombak basin

The primary study area is Sg. Gombak, a river that flows through the mostly urbanized state of Selangor and transcends the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. The study aims to characterize E. coli, organics and nutrients on the main stem of the river and its tributaries of Sg. Batu and Sg. Kerayong. There were 28 identified spatial sampling stations throughout the basin. The results on the upper reaches of Sg. Gombak showed E. coli levels ranged between 100 – 400 cfu/100mL. The levels increased and remained between 11,000 cfu/100mL to 18,000 cfu/100 mL downstream upon receiving sewage effluent and other pollution sources. This was comparable to Sg. Batu. Conditions were even worse in Sg. Kerayong as E. coli levels were in excess of 140,000 cfu/100 mL. Ambient temperature increase in excess of 30°C with a ∆T rise of 3 to 4°C appeared to result in some decrement of E. coli; at 0.08/°C for Sg. Gombak and 0.20/°C for Sg. Batu, albeit this only occurred at single spatial points in both rivers. Variation in BOD5, NH3-N and NO3-N did not appear to significantly influence bacterial count in the basin. The study results also showed for the water to be deemed suitable for skin contact, a removal efficiency of at least 92% has to be achieved, which in turn, translated to a die-off period of at least two hours

The combination of multi-approach studies to explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of imidazole derivatives as an MCF-7 inhibitor in therapeutic strategies

Breast cancer covers a large area of research because of its prevalence and high frequency all over the world. This study is based on drug discovery against breast cancer from a series of imidazole derivatives. A 3D-QSAR and activity atlas model was developed by exploring the dataset computationally, using the machine learning process of Flare. The dataset of compounds was divided into active and inactive compounds according to their biological and structural similarity with the reference drug. The obtained PLS regression model provided an acceptable r2 = 0.81 and q2 = 0.51. Protein-ligand interactions of active molecules were shown by molecular docking against six potential targets, namely, TTK, HER2, GR, NUDT5, MTHFS, and NQO2. Then, toxicity risk parameters were evaluated for hit compounds. Finally, after all these screening processes, compound C10 was recognized as the best-hit compound. This study identified a new inhibitor C10 against cancer and provided evidence-based knowledge to discover more analogs

SEROPREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN ANIMALS AT GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE LIVESTOCK FARMS IN PUNJAB

Seroprevalence of brucellosis in 1473 cattle and 481 buffaloes from various Government and 286 cattle and 223 buffaloes from different private livestock farms was carried out by performing Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and serum agglutination test (SAT). RBPT recorded the seroprevalence as 14.70% in cattle and 15.38% in buffaloes at Government and 18.53% in cattle and 35.40% in buffaloes at various private livestock farms. Out of these RBPT positive animals, 7.19% cattle and 2.91% buffaloes at Government whereas 9.00% cattle and 23.70% buffaloes at private livestock farms were found sero- positive when applied SAT