Exploration des perceptions de résidents sur la mise en œuvre préliminaire de la formation médicale fondée sur les compétences

Background: Competence by design (CBD) is a nationally developed hybrid competency based medical education (CBME) curricular model that focuses on residents’ abilities to promote successful practice and better meet societal needs. CBD is based on a commonly used framework of five core components of CBME: outcome competencies, sequenced progression, tailored learning experiences, competency-focused instruction and programmatic assessment. There is limited literature concerning residents’ perceptions of implementation of CBME. Objective: We explored resident perceptions of this transformation and their views as they relate to the intended framework. Methods: We recruited residents enrolled in current CBME implementation between August 2018 and January 2019. We interviewed residents representing eight disciplines from the initial two CBME implementation cohorts. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data through iterative consensus building until saturation. Results: We identified five themes: 1) Value of feedback for residents; 2) Resident strategies for successful Entrustable Professional Activity observation completion; 3) Residents experience challenges; 4) Resident concerns regarding CBME; and 5) Resident recommendations to improve existing challenges. We found that while there was clear alignment with residents’ perceptions of the programmatic assessment core CBME component, alignment was not as clear for other components. Conclusions: Residents perceived aspects of this transformation as helpful but overall had mixed perceptions and variable understanding of the intended underlying framework. Understanding and disseminating successes and challenges from the resident lens may assist programs at different stages of CBME implementation.Contexte : La « Compétence par conception » (CPC) est un modèle hybride pour les cursus formation médicale fondée sur les compétences (FMFC) développé à l’échelle nationale, qui met l’accent sur les capacités des résidents à promouvoir une pratique médicale réussie et à mieux répondre aux besoins de la société. La CPC repose sur un cadre couramment utilisé de cinq composantes essentielles de la FMFC : les compétences en matière de résultats, la progression séquentielle, les expériences d’apprentissage sur mesure, l’enseignement axé sur les compétences et l’évaluation programmatique. Il y a peu d’études sur les perceptions des résidents quant à la mise en oeuvre de la FMFC. Objectif : Nous avons recueilli les perceptions des résidents en lien avec cette transformation du cursus ainsi que leur point de vue sur le cadre prévu de celui-ci. Méthodes : Nous avons recruté des résidents qui étaient inscrits dans un programme en cours de mise en œuvre de la FMFC entre août 2018 et janvier 2019. Les résidents interrogés des deux premières cohortes de mise en œuvre de la FMFC représentaient huit disciplines. Les données ont fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique inductive par la recherche itérative d’un consensus jusqu’à saturation. Résultats : Nous avons identifié cinq thèmes : 1) la valeur de la rétroaction pour les résidents; 2) les stratégies des résidents pour la réussite des activités professionnelles confiables; 3) difficultés éprouvées par les résidents; 4) les préoccupations des résidents concernant la FMFC; et 5) les recommandations des résidents pour palier aux difficultés existantes. Nous avons constaté que s’il y avait une correspondance claire entre les perceptions des résidents et la composante centrale de la FMFC qu’est l’évaluation programmatique, la correspondance n’était pas aussi évidente pour les autres composantes. Conclusions : Les résidents ont perçu certains aspects du nouveau modèle comme étant utiles, mais dans l’ensemble, leurs perceptions étaient mitigées et leur compréhension de son cadre sous-jacent était variable. La compréhension et le partage de la vision des résidents quant aux succès et défis du modèle peuvent être utiles aux programmes à diverses étapes de la mise en œuvre de la FMFC

Développement d'un cursus en matière de handicap et de impact sur les étudiants en médecine : une étude de portée

Background: There is an increasing need for a standardized undergraduate disability curriculum for medical students to better equip students with the proper training, knowledge, and skills to provide holistic care for individuals with disabilities. Objectives: The aim of this scoping review was to better understand and analyze the current body of literature focusing on best practice for including disability curricula and its impact on undergraduate medical students Results: Three major components for designing a disability curriculum for undergraduate medical students were obtained from our analysis. The components were: (1) effective teaching strategies, (2) competencies required for disability curriculum, and (3) impact of disability curriculum on medical students. Conclusions: Current literature revealed that exposing medical students to a disability curriculum impacted their overall perceptions about people with disabilities. This allowed them to develop a sense of understanding towards patients with disabilities during their clinical encounters. The effectiveness of a disability curriculum is dependent on the extent to which these interventions are incorporated into undergraduate medical education.Contexte : On constate un besoin croissant de créer une formation uniforme sur le handicap dans le cadre des études médicales de premier cycle afin de les doter des connaissances et des compétences nécessaires pour prodiguer des soins holistiques aux personnes handicapées. Objectifs : Le but de cette revue de la portée était de mieux cerner la littérature scientifique décrivant les meilleures pratiques pour l’élaboration d’un programme d’enseignement sur le handicap et les incidences d’un tel programme sur les étudiants en médecine de premier cycle. Résultats : Nous avons pu dégager trois éléments principaux dont il convient de tenir compte lors de la conception d’un programme d’enseignement sur le handicap au prédoctorat : (1) l’efficacité des stratégies pédagogiques, (2) les compétences à le cadre de la formation sur le handicap, et (3) les incidences de la formation sur les étudiants. Conclusions : La littérature révèle qu’une formation sur le handicap a des incidences sur la manière générale dont les étudiants en médecine perçoivent les personnes qui en souffrent. Par suite d’une telle formation, les étudiants font davantage preuve de compréhension envers les patients lors de leurs rencontres cliniques. L’efficacité d’une formation sur le handicap dépend du degré de son intégration dans le cursus médical de premier cycle

Miracles in medicine: A narrative inquiry exploring extraordinary events in pediatrics

Abstract Background and Aims Whether miracles are seen as a source of conflict between healthcare teams and families, a foolish or even harmful belief, or a hindrance to system‐wide improvements and scientific inquiry, miracles within medicine have long been questioned. We were interested in the perspectives of pediatricians on miracles and how that has informed their care of patients. We also sought to explore the intersection and relationship between the medical sciences, faith, and how we view miracles. Methods Using narrative inquiry as a research methodology, we had conversations and explored the experiences of physicians who work directly within pediatric clinical care. We used purposeful sampling by emailing several pediatricians whom we felt might have been interested in the project and may have had experiences with perceived medical miracles. All conversations were conducted over Zoom and recorded. Results We conducted one to three conversations with each participant. During our analysis, we identified two threads. First, participants described miracles mostly as favorable and fortuitous events that invoked a sense of wonder due to contextual factors such as geography, access to resources, time in history but also previous experiences and the expectations of the clinician. Second, there is a complex dynamic within and between the medical sciences and the faith commitments of clinicians and families, especially when facing life‐limiting or end‐of‐life illness. Conclusions The stories that our participants told not only informed their past experiences and how they remembered them but also their present and future experiences. Exploring the topic of medical miracles allowed us to better understand the social discourses that shape our perceptions of miracles, death, and the role of the physician. These stories offer us hope and possibility in a time when we as a medical community may have lost our sense of wonder and the ability to notice miracles

Exploring resident perceptions of initial competency based medical education implementation

Background: Competence by design (CBD) is a nationally developed hybrid competency based medical education (CBME) curricular model that focuses on residents’ abilities to promote successful practice and better meet societal needs. CBD is based on a commonly used framework of five core components of CBME: outcome competencies, sequenced progression, tailored learning experiences, competency-focused instruction and programmatic assessment. There is limited literature concerning residents’ perceptions of implementation of CBME.Objective: We explored resident perceptions of this transformation and their views as they relate to the intended framework.Methods: We recruited residents enrolled in current CBME implementation between August 2018 and January 2019. We interviewed residents representing eight disciplines from the initial two CBME implementation cohorts. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data through iterative consensus building until saturation.Results: We identified five themes: 1) Value of feedback for residents; 2) Resident strategies for successful Entrustable Professional Activity observation completion; 3) Residents experience challenges; 4) Resident concerns regarding CBME; and 5) Resident recommendations to improve existing challenges. We found that while there was clear alignment with residents’ perceptions of the programmatic assessment core CBME component, alignment was not as clear for other components.Conclusions: Residents perceived aspects of this transformation as helpful but overall had mixed perceptions and variable understanding of the intended underlying framework. Understanding and disseminating successes and challenges from the resident lens may assist programs at different stages of CBME implementation.Contexte : La « Compétence par conception » (CPC) est un modèle hybride pour les cursus formation médicale fondée sur les compétences (FMFC) développé à l’échelle nationale, qui met l’accent sur les capacités des résidents à promouvoir une pratique médicale réussie et à mieux répondre aux besoins de la société. La CPC repose sur un cadre couramment utilisé de cinq composantes essentielles de la FMFC : les compétences en matière de résultats, la progression séquentielle, les expériences d’apprentissage sur mesure, l’enseignement axé sur les compétences et l’évaluation programmatique. Il y a peu d’études sur les perceptions des résidents quant à la mise en oeuvre de la FMFC.Objectif : Nous avons recueilli les perceptions des résidents en lien avec cette transformation du cursus ainsi que leur point de vue sur le cadre prévu de celui-ci.Méthodes : Nous avons recruté des résidents qui étaient inscrits dans un programme en cours de mise en œuvre de la FMFC entre août 2018 et janvier 2019. Les résidents interrogés des deux premières cohortes de mise en œuvre de la FMFC représentaient huit disciplines. Les données ont fait l’objet d’une analyse thématique inductive par la recherche itérative d’un consensus jusqu’à saturation.Résultats : Nous avons identifié cinq thèmes : 1) la valeur de la rétroaction pour les résidents; 2) les stratégies des résidents pour la réussite des activités professionnelles confiables; 3) difficultés éprouvées par les résidents; 4) les préoccupations des résidents concernant la FMFC; et 5) les recommandations des résidents pour palier aux difficultés existantes. Nous avons constaté que s’il y avait une correspondance claire entre les perceptions des résidents et la composante centrale de la FMFC qu’est l’évaluation programmatique, la correspondance n’était pas aussi évidente pour les autres composantes.Conclusions : Les résidents ont perçu certains aspects du nouveau modèle comme étant utiles, mais dans l’ensemble, leurs perceptions étaient mitigées et leur compréhension de son cadre sous-jacent était variable. La compréhension et le partage de la vision des résidents quant aux succès et défis du modèle peuvent être utiles aux programmes à diverses étapes de la mise en œuvre de la FMFC

A scoping review for designing a disability curriculum and its impact for medical students

Background: There is an increasing need for a standardized undergraduate disability curriculum for medical students to better equip students with the proper training, knowledge, and skills to provide holistic care for individuals with disabilities.Objectives: The aim of this scoping review was to better understand and analyze the current body of literature focusing on best practice for including disability curricula and its impact on undergraduate medical studentsResults: Three major components for designing a disability curriculum for undergraduate medical students were obtained from our analysis. The components were: (1) effective teaching strategies, (2) competencies required for disability curriculum, and (3) impact of disability curriculum on medical students.Conclusions: Current literature revealed that exposing medical students to a disability curriculum impacted their overall perceptions about people with disabilities. This allowed them to develop a sense of understanding towards patients with disabilities during their clinical encounters. The effectiveness of a disability curriculum is dependent on the extent to which these interventions are incorporated into undergraduate medical education.Contexte : On constate un besoin croissant de créer une formation uniforme sur le handicap dans le cadre des études médicales de premier cycle afin de les doter des connaissances et des compétences nécessaires pour prodiguer des soins holistiques aux personnes handicapées.Objectifs : Le but de cette revue de la portée était de mieux cerner la littérature scientifique décrivant les meilleures pratiques pour l’élaboration d’un programme d’enseignement sur le handicap et les incidences d’un tel programme sur les étudiants en médecine de premier cycle.Résultats : Nous avons pu dégager trois éléments principaux dont il convient de tenir compte lors de la conception d’un programme d’enseignement sur le handicap au prédoctorat : (1) l’efficacité des stratégies pédagogiques, (2) les compétences à le cadre de la formation sur le handicap, et (3) les incidences de la formation sur les étudiants.Conclusions : La littérature révèle qu’une formation sur le handicap a des incidences sur la manière générale dont les étudiants en médecine perçoivent les personnes qui en souffrent. Par suite d’une telle formation, les étudiants font davantage preuve de compréhension envers les patients lors de leurs rencontres cliniques. L’efficacité d’une formation sur le handicap dépend du degré de son intégration dans le cursus médical de premier cycle

What are parents’ perceptions related to barriers in diagnosing swallowing dysfunction in children? A grounded theory approach

Objectives Swallowing dysfunction (SwD) is under-reported in otherwise healthy infants and toddlers (OHITs). The identification of parental perceptions of factors that may hinder the diagnosis could help clinicians manage these children in a more expeditious manner. This study investigated the barriers to diagnosing SwD, as reported by the families.Design Grounded theory study.Setting This study was performed in a tertiary care paediatric centre in Canada.Participants Parents of OHITs were recruited using purposeful sampling.Intervention We used detailed, semistructured, in-person interviews and the audiotapes and transcriptions were thematically analysed. From the parental insights, we built a framework composed of three themes of barriers.Result Ten parents of OHITs with SwD were interviewed. The children presented with recurrent coughing, choking, cold-like symptoms, recurring/consistent illnesses and feeding difficulties. They were managed with multiple rounds of antibiotics and diagnosed with allergies, asthma or recurrent viral infections before considering SwD. The three emerging themes are false beliefs about SwD among parents and some physicians, parent-related barriers and physician-related barriers. These barriers had severely impacted the parents, impairing work productivity and leading to work-related reprimands and changes in the family dynamics.Conclusion This study suggests that there are several barriers that face the parents of OHITs when seeking a diagnosis of SwD and initiating appropriate management. These barriers likely interact with one another and amplify their effects on the family and the child. A common denominator is a lack of education regarding SwD, its clinical manifestations and the available expertise to manage this condition

One Label or Two? Linguistic Influences on the Similarity Judgment of Objects between English and Japanese Speakers

Recent findings have re-examined the linguistic influence on cognition and perception, while identifying evidence that supports the Whorfian hypothesis. We examine how English and Japanese speakers perceive similarity of pairs of objects, by using two sets of stimuli: one in which two distinct linguistic categories apply to respective object images in English, but only one linguistic category applies in Japanese; and another in which two distinct linguistic categories apply to respective object images in Japanese, but only one applies in English. We conducted four studies and tested different groups of participants in each of them. In Study 1, we asked participants to name the two objects before engaging in the similarity judgment task. Here, we expected a strong linguistic effect. In Study 2, we asked participants to engage in the same task without naming, where we assumed that the condition is close enough to our daily visual information processing where language is not necessarily prompted. We further explored whether the language still influences the similarity perception by asking participants to engage in the same task basing on the visual similarity (Study 3) and the functional similarity (Study 4). The results overall indicated that English and Japanese speakers perceived the two objects to be more similar when they were in the same linguistic categories than when they were in different linguistic categories in their respective languages. Implications for research testing the Whorfian hypothesis and the requirement for methodological development beyond behavioral measures are discussed

Systematic review of validated parent-reported questionnaires assessing swallowing dysfunction in otherwise healthy infants and toddlers

Abstract Objectives There has been increasing interest in the management of oropharyngeal swallowing dysfunction (SwD). Its prevalence, particularly in otherwise healthy infants and toddlers (OHITs), is underappreciated. As the standard diagnostic tests are either invasive or scarce, valid parent-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires could play a pivotal role in the understanding and managing SwD in this group. This article reviewed the literature on PRO questionnaires pertaining to SwD in OHITs. Data source A librarian searched Prospero, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, HaPI, CINAHL, and SCOPUS until February 2021 using the MeSH terms for deglutition and screening methods. Review method Questionnaires that examined disease-specific or eating and feeding concerns or difficulties were excluded. Two reviewers independently identified PRO questionnaires for SwD that were used in OHITs and extracted the author names, publication year, questionnaire name, the studied population, and the reported psychometric assessments. A quality assessment was performed based on consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) and updated criteria for good measurement properties. Results Of the 3488 screened articles, we identified only two questionnaires, the pediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool (PEDI-EAT-10) and the PRO questionnaire for Swallowing Dysfunction in OHITs. The PEDI-EAT-10 authors assessed the validity and reliability on children with cerebral palsy. However, concerns were identified regarding the developmental process and the internal structure validity. The PRO questionnaire for SwD in OHITs meets criteria but has not yet been validated in the population of interest nor its psychometric properties assessed. Conclusion Two instruments were identified. The PED-EAT-10 exhibits methodological flaws, while Edmonton PRO questionnaire for SwD in OHITs awaits construct validation and could fill the current knowledge gap