4 research outputs found
Beyond Paradigms in Cultural Astronomy. Proceedings of the 27th SEAC conference held together with the EAA
Proceedings of the 27th SEAC conference held together with the EAA.-- Editors: A. CΓ©sar GonzΓ‘lez-GarcΓa, Roslyn M. Frank, Lionel D. Sims, Michael A. RappenglΓΌck, Georg Zotti, Juan A. Belmonte, Ivan Ε prajc.Cultural Astronomy is the endeavour to understand the role of the sky in past and present societies, and how these societies incorporated the sky into their culture. This broad ranging discipline is closely related to archaeology when investigating material remains of the past. Cultural Astronomy also explores the role of the heavens from the perspectives of the anthropological sciences. In recent decades the discipline has been concerned with methodological and theoretical issues. This volume offers chapters based on presentations at the 27th SEAC meeting held in Bern (2019). These chapters provide a vivid image of front-line research in diverse areas, from Roman light and shadow effects to highlight power, to Maya city organization, Etruscan temple orientation or the ontology of the sky.Peer reviewe
The Chiemgau Crater Strewn Field: Evidence of a Holocene Large Impact Event in Southeast Bavaria, Germany
The Chiemgau strewn field in the Alpine Foreland discovered in the early new millennium comprises
more than 80 mostly rimmed craters in a roughly elliptically shaped area with axes of about 60 km and
30 km. The crater diameters range between a few meters and a few hundred meters. Geologically, the
craters occur in Pleistocene moraine and fluvio-glacial sediments. The craters and surrounding areas
so far investigated in more detail are featuring heavy deformations of the Quaternary cobbles and
boulders, abundant fused rock material (impact melt rocks and various glasses), shock-metamorphic
effects, and geophysical anomalies. The impact is substantiated by the abundant occurrence of metallic,
glass and carbon spherules, accretionary lapilli, and of strange matter in the form of iron silicides
like gupeiite and xifengite, and various carbides like, e.g., moissanite SiC. The hitherto established
largest crater of the strewn field is Lake TΓΌttensee exhibiting an 8 m-height rim wall, a rim-to-rim
diameter of about 600 m, a depth of roughly 30 m and an extensive ejecta blanket. Physical and
archeological dating confine the impact event to have happened most probably between 1300 and 300
B.C. The impactor is suggested to have been a low-density disintegrated, loosely bound asteroid or a
disintegrated comet in order to account for the extensive strewn field.ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π§ΠΈΠΌΠ³Π°Ρ Π² ΠΠ»ΡΠΏΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ;
ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 80 ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 30 ΠΈ 60 ΠΊΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ (ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ), ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉ. Π£Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ gupeiite ΠΈ xifengite, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ moissanite SiC. ΠΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠΎ Π’ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·Π΅Π΅ Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 600 ΠΌ, Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 30 ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅
Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ 1300 ΠΈ 300 Π³Π³. Π΄ΠΎ Π½.Ρ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ,
ΡΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°
The Chiemgau Crater Strewn Field: Evidence of a Holocene Large Impact Event in Southeast Bavaria, Germany
The Chiemgau strewn field in the Alpine Foreland discovered in the early new millennium comprises
more than 80 mostly rimmed craters in a roughly elliptically shaped area with axes of about 60 km and
30 km. The crater diameters range between a few meters and a few hundred meters. Geologically, the
craters occur in Pleistocene moraine and fluvio-glacial sediments. The craters and surrounding areas
so far investigated in more detail are featuring heavy deformations of the Quaternary cobbles and
boulders, abundant fused rock material (impact melt rocks and various glasses), shock-metamorphic
effects, and geophysical anomalies. The impact is substantiated by the abundant occurrence of metallic,
glass and carbon spherules, accretionary lapilli, and of strange matter in the form of iron silicides
like gupeiite and xifengite, and various carbides like, e.g., moissanite SiC. The hitherto established
largest crater of the strewn field is Lake TΓΌttensee exhibiting an 8 m-height rim wall, a rim-to-rim
diameter of about 600 m, a depth of roughly 30 m and an extensive ejecta blanket. Physical and
archeological dating confine the impact event to have happened most probably between 1300 and 300
B.C. The impactor is suggested to have been a low-density disintegrated, loosely bound asteroid or a
disintegrated comet in order to account for the extensive strewn field.ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π§ΠΈΠΌΠ³Π°Ρ Π² ΠΠ»ΡΠΏΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ;
ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 80 ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 30 ΠΈ 60 ΠΊΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ (ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ), ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉ. Π£Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π»Π°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ gupeiite ΠΈ xifengite, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ moissanite SiC. ΠΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΠΎ Π’ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·Π΅Π΅ Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 600 ΠΌ, Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 30 ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅
Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ 1300 ΠΈ 300 Π³Π³. Π΄ΠΎ Π½.Ρ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ,
ΡΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ°