An Analysis of Grocery Store Energy Use

Approximately 3% of the United States' commercial building energy consumption is attributable to food sales facilities. Although this is one of the smallest consumption percentages, it is still significant, amounting to about 151 trillion Btu, or $2.17 billion per year. Food sales facilities ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 sq. ft. use 3 to 5.5 W/ sq. ft. (32 to 60 W/ sq. m.) of electricity two to three times what typical office buildings of the same size use (EIA 1986). Identifying potentials for energy savings in food sales facilities is therefore a worth-while pursuit. Why do people study energy consumption? According to Haberl et al. (1990), there are five different groups of people who can benefit from building energy monitoring and at least seven basic applications of energy monitoring projects. The five groups of beneficiaries are: the energy analyst; the energy consumer; governmental agencies; engineers, manufacturers, and contractors; and, utility and fuel suppliers. The seven basic applications are: energy consumption and load forecasting, evaluation of end-use energy data, the monitoring of energy savings from retrofits, determining system .efficiencies, environmental quality issues, analyzing the human factor, and diagnosing operational and maintenance problems. This thesis is a study of the energy use in supermarkets, which fall into the category of the energy consumer. This study is of interest to the energy analyst and the manufacturers of grocery store equipment, and to utilities which can use the results of energy consumption modeling procedures developed herein as inputs to load-predicting models. Many papers and reports have been written about the energy use in grocery stores. In general, they addressed three major issues: energy use surveys and market analyses, refrigeration and HVAC system improvements, and energy use modeling methods. This thesis extends the foregoing work by first performing a general energy use survey of over 90 grocery stores, and presenting statistics regarding their energy use characteristics. Then, several of the previous methods of energy consumption modeling are adapted and applied to the whole- building and sub-metered component load data from two case study grocery stores. Two methods of modeling, multiple linear regression and principal component analysis are evaluated. Finally, a new method is developed and tested that allows for the accurate estimation of sub-metered loads without incurring the expense of collecting many months of hourly, sub-metered data

Cooperative and noncooperative magnetization reversal in alnicos

It is investigated how magnetostatic interactions affect the coercivity of alnicotype magnets. Starting from exact micromagnetic relations, we analyze two limits, namely cooperative reversal processes operative on short lengths scales and noncooperative reversal processes on long length scales. In alnicos, intrawire interactions are predominantly cooperative, whereas interwire effects are typically noncooperative. However, the transition between the regimes depends on feature size and hysteresis-loop shape, and interwire cooperative effects are largest for nearly rectangular loops. Our analysis revises the common shape-anisotropy interpretation of alnicos

The control of virus infections: written for the Lewis Cameron Undergraduate Prize in Bacteriology

At present, medicine cannot fight the virus in straight forward combat, although she is trying to forge weapons. However, by rendering his abode untedable, she can undermine his assault.Perhaps an analogy can be drawn between the search for chemical agents to control virus infections and the research into cure for cancer, for both are concerned with corrections of aberrations in the replicating mechanism of the cell. consequently, viruses are constantly under suspicion as a cause for cancer. But the replicating mechanism of the cell is the core of lire itself: is it presumptuous to assume that man can unravel its mysteries completely?The pioneers in chemotherapy against bacterial infections almost certainly had their doubts. The problem facing virologists to-day is more profound, but their resources and knowledge are correspondingly greater

Ecological Versatility and Community Ecology

xvii,433 hal,;ill,;21 c

Botany : AnIntroduction to Plant Biology

xii,719 hal,;ill,;28 c

An optimization approach to business buyer choice sets: How many suppliers should be included?

In many new or repeat purchasing situations, business buyers must decide how many suppliers to consider (a "choice set") in determining which supplier(s) to actually buy from or contract with. This paper develops an optimization approach to determining the size of the choice set, taking into consideration buyer utility and search and evaluation costs. A theoretical model is developed for both one-time and repeat purchase situations. The model is estimated using empirical data received from bids received for procurement auctions. In these auctions, suppliers provide bids for steel pipe based on two product attributes (price and delivery time). Model sensitivity to small changes in parameters is also tested