A prospective study to assess the adverse events following immunization in paediatric population

Background: The objective of current study was to analyse the pattern of adverse drug reactions due to different vaccines in paediatric patients.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in paediatric department of GSVM medical college Kanpur to monitor vaccine adverse event and its causal association with vaccine. Patients of 0-10 year age group of either sex, who developed adverse event following vaccination, were included in study. Vaccine adverse event were recorded in the suspected ADRs reporting form of Indian Pharmacopoeia commission. Causality was evaluated using WHO-UMC assessment scale, outcome and seriousness as per W.H.O. To classify type of ADRs, Expanded Rawlins- Thompson’s classification system was used.Results: Vaccine adverse reactions were more in female (53%) as compared to male (47%). Most common age group involved was 0-6 months; (79.41%) of total reactions. Fever (14.70 %) was most common reaction, followed by pain at inj. site (11.77%), and Convulsion (11.77). The causality of 67.65% vaccine adverse reactions was of possible type; 88.23 % reactions were of non-serious type. Type A reaction were more common and most of vaccine adverse reaction recovered (82.35%).Conclusions: Vaccines can also cause different types of adverse reactions in paediatric patients. This Study emphasizes the need for an effective vaccine adverse event monitoring system among paediatric patients in every hospital to ensure safety of vaccine. Hence more educational awareness program should be plotted and more similar studies are needed to be conducted

Role of single and mixed probiotics in acute diarrheal diseases in pediatric population

Background: The objective of present study was to analyse the effect of probiotics on various parameters of acute diarrhoeal disease and to compare single and mixed probiotic preparations in context to their role in acute diarrhoeal disease in paediatric population.Methods: A double blind controlled trial was conducted in children suffering from acute diarrhoeal disease at department of paediatrics jointly with department of pharmacology, G. S. V. M. Medical college, Kanpur, U.P., India. All enrolled children were divided into three groups having similar baseline characteristics. One group was given single probiotic preparation another mixed probiotic preparation and the third one (i.e. control group) placebo plus Zinc/ORS to all three groups. Various parameters such as frequency and consistency of stool, duration of diarrhoea were measured after doing intervention over a period of one week.Results: In our study duration of diarrhoea, stool frequency and total duration of hospital stay was found significantly less in probiotic groups compared to control group. However no significant difference was found between single and mixed probiotics in curtailing the acute diarrhoeal illness.Conclusions: Probiotics should be used judiciously in acute diarrhoeal diseases. There is no additional benefit of mixed probiotics in acute diarrhoeal diseases rather than increasing the cost of treatment

Assessment of micronutrient status during pregnancy attending at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: This impression of multiple micronutrients during pregnancy emphasizes to relatively neglected issues. Objectives was to evaluate the status and benefits of multiple micronutrient during pregnancy.Methods: Total 180 healthy pregnant women were included, first trimester 60 cases, second trimester 60 cases and third trimester 60 cases in the age group of 18-40 years. Haemoglobin was estimated by cyanmethemoglobin method, estimation of iron was done by ferrozine method, for zinc colorimetric method, estimation of calcium OCPC method and estimation of urinary iodine was done by ammonium persulfate oxidation method.Results: Haemoglobin are found to be in the Ist trimester 11.3g/dl, in the IInd trimester of haemoglobin 10.5g/dl, and in the IIIrd trimester it was 11g/dl and Serum iron was 71.9ug/dl in Ist trimester, 74.8 ug/dl during IInd trimester, 80.9ug/dl in IIIrd trimester. The mean serum calcium during Ist trimester was found to be 8.0 ug/dl, in the IInd trimester 7.2 ug/dl and in the IIIrd trimester 8.1ug/dl. Serum zinc in the Ist trimester 72.6 ug/dl, in the IInd trimester 70.1ug/dl, in the IIIrd trimester 66.7 ug/dl respectively. Iodine level during Ist, IInd, IIIrd trimester was found to be 122.5ug/dl, 149.1ug/d, 158.7ug/dl respectively.Conclusions: Our study shows that poor nutrition during pregnancy has been associated with adverse maternal and child outcomes such as increased risks of infertility, abortion, fetal intrauterine growth restriction and prenatal mortality

Game Development using Panda 3D Game Engine

This paper explores the features of panda 3d game engine and the AI algorithm used in creating games. Here we propose the A* algorithm which is used in game development and explain its merits and demerits with other path finding algorithms. We describe the importance of AI in games and even understand how to A* algorithm works and also how to implement A* algorithm in python. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15022

The antimicrobial efficacy of Fijian honeys against clinical isolates from diabetic foot ulcers

A diverse range of illnesses has been treated with honey since ancient civilizations. There has been growing interest by health care professionals in wound care products based on New Zealand Manuka honey and Australian honey of similar Leptospermum spp. In Fiji, local honeys have been used in homes to treat diabetic foot ulcers which have failed to heal by conventional therapeutic methods. This suggests that Fiji honeys may confer antimicrobial activity against the isolates from diabetic foot ulcers and this inference was tested in this study. The antimicrobial activity of 30 natural and two processed honeys was determined using some clinical isolates from diabetic foot ulcers, namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of the natural honeys, determined by an agar well diffusion assay and expressed as the concentration of phenol with equivalent activity, was found to be between 4.1 and 14.5% phenol. The mean inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the honeys determined by an agar incorporation technique, was found to range from 4.8% to more than 9.1% (v/v) honey (9.1% being the highest concentration tested). In comparison, the activities of two processed honeys were between 4.5 - 8.9% phenol equivalence and did not inhibit the clinical isolates from diabetic foot ulcers at the highest concentration of honey tested (9.1%). The results demonstrate that Fijian honeys could be utilized as herbal remedy for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. However, to assess the potential of Fijian honeys on diabetic foot ulcers, there is a need for clinical trials on these wounds

Assessment of P-Delta Effect on High Rise Buildings

P-delta effect is secondary effect on structure .it is also known as ‘Geometric nonlinearity effect’. As number of stories increases, P-delta effect becomes more important. If the change in bending moments and displacements is more than 10%, P-delta effect should be considered in design. In this study the P-delta effect on high rise building is studied. Linear static analysis (without P-delta effect) on high rise building having different number of stories is carried out. For the analysis G+14, G+19, G+24, (i.e 15, 20, and 25storey) R.C.C. framed building are modeled. Earthquake load is applied on model of structure as per IS-18939(2002) for zone III in E-Tab software. Load combination for analysis is set as per IS-456(2000).All analysis is carried out in software ETAB. Bending moment, story displacement with and without p-delta effect is calculated and compared for all the models. Then by trial and error method suitable cross-section are provided for unsafe building to bring within acceptable limit by increasing stiffness of a building. The result shows that it is essential to consider the P-delta effect for 25storey building. So buildings having height more than or equal to 75m, should be designed considering P-delta effect. Also we can say that up to 25storey building, it is not necessary to consider P-delta effect in design and primary or first order analysis is sufficient for design. By increasing stiffness of building by providing suitable cross section or by increasing stiffness building can bring within acceptable limit.[7] DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150515

The Role of Cardiac Catheterization after Cardiac Arrest

Coronary angiography after cardiac arrest is important to ascertain potential treatable causes of cardiac arrest, salvage myocardium, and potentially increase long-term survival. The cause of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is typically myocardial ischemia. More than 50% of such resuscitated individuals will have an acutely occluded epicardial coronary on emergency coronary angiography. This includes three in four with ST-segment elevation and one in three without ST-segment elevation. In the latter the only reliable method of detection is coronary angiography. Numerous cohort studies, now including more than 8000 patients, have shown an association between survival and early coronary angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention. Public reporting of percutaneous coronary intervention 30-day mortality rates has been an impediment for extending this therapy to all resuscitated individuals who experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, since current databases to do fully risk-adjust rates for this subgroup. Sincere efforts are under way to correct this situation

A study of prevalence of obesity and its correlates among government and private school children in Hyderabad: a comparative study

Background: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in India in the 21st Century, affecting 5% of the country’s population. Childhood obesity is an emerging problem in urban Indian children and increase in childhood overweight and obesity may be a major contributor to adult obesity epidemic. Hence present study has been planned with the objective to study and compare the prevalence of obesity in government and private schools and also to study the risk factors associated with obesity.Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was carried out among 718 school children of randomly selected government and private schools of Hyderabad city. Students were enquired about their physical activity and dietary habits as per the questionnaire. Anthropometry measurements like height and weight were recorded for each student. Data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.Results: Prevalence of obesity was found to be 21.09% among private school children and 19% in government school children. Physical activity factors like conveyance to school and less frequency of outdoor games were significantly associated with obesity. Diet related determinants like intake of soft drinks, sweets, pizza, fruits were found to be associated with obesity.Conclusions: It can be concluded that the prevalence of obesity in schools of Hyderabad is very high and it is positively associated with inappropriate exercise and improper dietary practices.

Obesity and Cardiovascular Health Differences Between Urban and Suburban Philadelphia High School Athletes

Introduction: The strongest risk factor for primary hypertension in children is obesity, and concern for pediatric hypertension rises with the rising prevalence of obesity in American children. Specifically, in urban Philadelphia schools from 2009 to 2012, preparticipation physical evaluations (PPEs) demonstrated a positive correlation between blood pressure measurements demonstrating stage 1 or 2 hypertension and elevated body mass index (P \u3c 0.00001). Objective: The purpose was to identify potential differences in cardiovascular health and prevalence of obesity between adolescents in the urban and suburban Philadelphia areas. Methods: Data from PPEs administered to urban Philadelphia high school athletes in 2018 by the Athlete Health Organization (AHO) was analyzed and compared to data from the Simon’s Heart Foundation’s HeartBytes registry, which provided data regarding suburban Philadelphia students. Demographic information and basic physical examination data were collected. Each participant’s body mass index (BMI) was categorized by percentile for age, and blood pressures were classified according to American Heart Association pediatric guidelines. Results: Analysis of the AHO data shows that 44.9% of urban students who completed PPEs in 2018 were overweight or obese, and that 43.1% of these students had blood pressures that would qualify as either stage 1 or 2 hypertension. Further comparison to the HeartBytes data is forthcoming. Conclusion: Given results to date, it is expected that upon conclusion of the study, the data will support the hypothesis that rates of hypertension and obesity will be higher in the urban underserved population than in the suburban population