Object localization technique in dentistry – A review

Background: A dental radiograph is a two-dimensional view for a three-dimensional object present in the jaws. Many times diagnosis becomes difficult for a clinician due to the impacted teeth, supernumerary tooth, or foreign objects. These objects can be localized using various techniques using periapical radiograph, orthopantomograph, and advanced imaging techniques. Tube shift technique, right angle technique, magnification method, vertex occlusal method, stereoscopy, panoramic localization, lateral skull, and posteroanterior view are various techniques which have been used to locate objects. It becomes important for every dentist to know about each technique and its indications. There is a scarcity in the literature which reviews various techniques of object localization. Thus, this article reviews various techniques of object localization in dentistry. Aim: This study aims to review on various techniques used for object localization in dentistry and its indications. Conclusion: Object localization technique is an easy, convenient, cost effective. This article gives an insight regarding various techniques used since past and its applicability in various indications. Clinical Significance: Object localization technique can be applied by a dentist in a day-to-day practice, rather exposing the patient to the advanced screening methods

Control of Indirect Matrix Converter by Using Improved SVM Method

A novel space vector modulation (SVM) method for an indirect matrix converter (IMC) is used to reduce the common -mode voltage (CMV) in the output. The process of selecting required active vectors and to describe the switching sequence in the inverter stage of the IMC is explained in this paper. This novel SVM method used to decrease the peak -to-peak amplitude voltage of CMV without using any external hardware. The other advantage of this SVM method is to reduce the total harmonic distortion of line-to-line output voltage. This new modulation technique is easily implemented through simulation and its results are used to demonstrate the improved performance of the input/output waveforms

Vault prolapse - a decade's experience

Background: Vault prolapse although an uncommon condition is an annoying problem to the patient often requiring repeat surgery for relief. The objective of this study was to study the clinical parameters of patients of vault prolapse, predisposing factors, pre-op and post-op symptoms, treatment provided and outcomes of the same over ten years at Vani Vilas Hospital, Bangalore Medical College.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on all patients admitted with vault prolapse and treated for the same from 2005 to 2014. Data was collected and analyzed.Results: commonest symptom associated was mass per vagina with difficulty in voiding urine (80%). Straining at stools and sexual dysfunction was seen in fewer than 30%. 64% of our patients had TAH and the mean duration before symptoms was 12 years (11.7 years). Majority of our patients underwent sacrospious fixation (42%) while 24% underwent traditional repair. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy was performed on 8 patients. Intra-op complications of haemorrhage seen in 1, ureteric injury in 2 and injury to rectum in 1 patient. ICU admission was required for 5. 80% 0f the patients were available for follow up at 2 weeks and 6 weeks and >90% expressed subjective improvement in symptoms. Only one underwent re operation at 3 months for failure.Conclusions: Vault prolapse is not an uncommon condition following hysterectomy especially if it was done at a young age. Careful selection of patients, measures to prevent this condition during primary hysterectomy is the need of the hour

RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Duloxetin and Methylcobalamine in Combined Dosage Form

A simple, precise, accurate, simultaneous stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the estimation of DLU (Duloxetin) and MCB (Methylcobalamine) in combined dosage form was developed using Intersil-C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5m) in an Isocratic mode with mobile phase comprising of Phosphate buffer (pH 4.5) The flow rate was 1 mL/ min and effluent was monitored at 255.0 nm. The retention times were found to be 5.32 min for DLU and 3.59 min for MCB. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 20- 120 g/mL for DLU and 10- 60 g/mL for MCB. The calibration curves were linear (r 2 = 0.999 for DLU and r 2 = 0.999 for MCB) over the entire linear range. Mean % recovery was found to be 99.68 % for DLU and 100.3 % for MCB with % RSD was NMT 2 for both estimations which fully agrees with system suitability which is in good agreement with labeled amount of formulation. The % RSD for Intra- Day and Inter-Day Precision was NMT than 2 for both the drugs. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines

Conflicting Parameter Pair Optimization for Linear Aperiodic Antenna Array using Chebyshev Taper based Genetic Algorithm

In this study, the peak side lobe level (PSLL) in the radiation pattern of a linear antenna array (LAA) is lowered without affecting its first null beam width (FNBW). Antenna array synthesis is commonly applied to achieve high directivity, low side lobes, high gain and desired null positions in the output radiation pattern. But output parameters like PSLL, null positions and beam width conflict with each other, i.e. as one parameter improves, the other deteriorates. To avoid this problem, a multi-objective optimization algorithm can be implemented, in which both the conflicting parameters can be simultaneously optimized. This work proposes a multi-objective algorithm, which takes advantages of the well-known Chebyshev tapering and genetic algorithm (GA), to lower the PSLL without broadening the beam further. Array elements are fed using Chebyshev tapered excitations while GA is incorporated to optimize the elemental spacing. The results of 28-element LAA are compared with those of multi-objective Cauchy mutated cat swarm optimization (MO-CMCSO) existing in literature, which has also been proven to be superior to multi-objective cat swarm optimization (MO-CSO) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MO-PSO). Results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs better by further reducing the PSLL from -21.57 dB (MO-CMCSO) to -28.18 dB, while maintaining the same FNBW of 7.4 degrees

A clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic scenario of dermatophytosis in a tertiary care hospital in the state of Telangana, India

Background: Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of the keratinized tissue. The infection generally designated as Tinea. Objectives of the study were to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic scenario of the patients of the dermatophytosis attending a tertiary care hospital in the state of Telangana. As these infection falls into differential diagnosis of many skin disorders it is necessary to make early laboratory tests for better management. These infections spread through occlusive foot wear, hot humid climate, malnutrition, endocrinal disorders like Cushing syndrome.Methods: The present study was a prospective study conducted on individual patients who visited DVL department of Malla Reddy Medical College for women, Suraram, Hyderabad in the Telangana state between 23/11/2015 to 22/3/2016.Results: Males were more than females. Maximum patients were seen in the age group of 21-30 years. Very few cases were seen above the age of 60 years. Maximum cases presented with T. corporis followed by T. cruris. Five cases had more than one type of Tinea. Maximum cases were KOH positive. 26.3% of cases were culture positive. 17.5% of cases were both KOH and culture positive Maximum i.e. 70.2% of cases were treated with miconazole followed by clotrimazole in 10.5% of cases Maximum cases were treated with terbinafine in 56.14% of cases followed by itraconazole in 12.3% of cases.Conclusions: This study provides an incidence of T. corporis with male predominance of cases and responding well to the standard therapeutic line of management along with proper personal counseling about the lifestyle modifications in a tertiary care hospital

BILATERAL BLINDNESS DUE TO ANTI-TUBERCULAR TREATMENT: A RARE PRESENTATION

ABSTRACTEthambutol and isoniazid (INH) are antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Optic neuropathy is a well-recognized toxic effectof these drugs, usually manifesting as a decrease in visual acuity and deficits in color vision. This study presents the case of a 75-year-old malediagnosed of spinal tuberculosis, who developed irreversible bilateral optic neuropathy causing complete blindness induced by ethambutol and INH.Ophthalmologic examination revealed sluggish pupillary reactions and optic disc pallor in both eyes. Visual evoked potential and magnetic resonanceimaging brain complemented the confirmation of the diagnosis.Keywords: Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Optic neuritis, Tuberculosis

Management of lateral end clavicle fractures-using lateral clavicle locking plate: a prospective study

Background: Lateral end clavicle fractures are one of the common upper limb fractures. They constitute 21–28% of all clavicle fractures. Of these 10–52% is displaced fractures. The management of fractures of lateral end clavicle remains debated and challenging. The objectivbe of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome following surgical treatment of unstable/displaced (Neer type II lateral clavicle fractures, and acromio-clavicular joint dislocations Rockwood grade III to V) lateral end clavicle fractures using lateral clavicle locking plate.Methods: It is a prospective study conducted in the orthopaedics department of GSL Medical College and General Hospital for a period of 3 years (April 2016 to March 2019) among a total of 60 patients.Results: About 23 (38.3%) belonged to 41–50 years age group, followed by 16 (26.7%) to 31–40 years age group and 13 (21.7%) to >51 years age group and 8 (13.3%) to 18–30 years age group. The time from trauma to surgery ranged from 0-15 days with a mean of 5 days and the mean operating time was 41 minutes ranging between 23-70 minutes. Mean duration to union was 13.33±2.126 weeks and the mean Constant Murley score was 88.56. Functional outcome at 6 months follow up was excellent in 8 (13.3%), good in 37 (61.7%), fair in 13 (21.7%) and poor in 2 (3.3%) patients.Conclusions: Although there is no consensus as to a “gold standard” fixation method for unstable distal clavicle fractures, satisfactory outcomes could be obtained using the lateral clavicle locking plate resulting in sufficient stabilization and good functional outcome

Incidence, severity, prognostic significance of thrombocytopenia in malaria

Background: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by plasmodium parasite. P. falciparum account for majority of morbidity and mortality. Thrombocytopenia and anaemia are the most frequently associated hematological complications in malaria. The low platelet count together with acute febrile syndrome emerged as the strongest predictor of malaria a finding that is frequent and present even before anemia and splenomegaly sets in. Severe thrombocytopenia is a good predictor of poor prognosis than mild and moderate thrombocytopenia. The aim is to study the incidence, severity, prognostic significance of thrombocytopenia in malaria.Methods: This was an observational and prospective study. The study enrolled 100 patients with thrombocytopenia and fever who were proven to have malaria either by peripheral smear or Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) test or malarial antigen assay were included in the study and patients with thrombocytopenia due to other causes were excluded from the study. Platelet count was estimated on a fully automated quantitative analyzer. All the 100 patients were followed during the hospital stay and upto discharge or till the outcome.  Results: The incidence of thrombocytopenia was 73% indicating a common association in malaria. Complicated malaria was observed in 58.80% of P. falciparum infection whereas 66% of P. vivax infection was associated with uncomplicated malaria. Severe thrombocytopenia showed positive correlation with severity of malaria. Thrombocytopenic patients with effective anti-malarial treatment showed 95.90% recovery and 3 patients 4.10% had mortality. Patients with severe thrombocytopenia were 8.5 times more likely to have complicated malaria with P <0.001 according to student ‘t’ test.  Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematological finding in malaria. Severe thrombocytopenia showed positive correlation with complicated malaria and a good predictor of poor prognosis. Patients with classical malarial fever and thrombocytopenia who were negative for malaria parasite were not included in the study.

A RARE INSTANCE OF LEVOSULPIRIDE–INDUCED GALACTORRHOEA

Antipsychotics are well known to affect prolactin secretion, resulting in hyperprolactinemia and its consequent manifestations like amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, gynaecomastia, etc. Levosulpiride is a novel antipsychotic drug with additional antidepressant, antiemetic and antidyspeptic actions. The authors report a case of levosulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia, presenting as galactorrhoea in a female patient with dyspepsia at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, in South India.Keywords: Hyperprolactinemia, Prolactin, Dyspepsia, Antipsychotic, Dopamin