Polygenic risk scores, school achievement, and risk for schizophrenia: a Danish population-based study

Background: Studies have suggested that poor school achievement is associated with increased risk of schizophrenia; however, the possible genetic contribution to this association is unknown. We investigated the possible effect of the polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia (PRS) and for educational attainment (PRS) on the association between school performance and later schizophrenia. Methods: We conducted a case-cohort study on a Danish population-based sample born from 1987 to 1995 comprising 1470 individuals with schizophrenia and 7318 subcohort noncases. Genome-wide data, school performance, and family psychiatric and socioeconomic background information were obtained from national registers and neonatal biobanks. PRS and PRS were calculated using discovery effect size estimates from a meta-analysis of 34,600 cases and 45,968 controls and 293,723 individuals. Results: Higher PRS increased the risk (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–1.36), whereas higher PRS decreased the risk of schizophrenia (IRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82–0.92) per standard deviation. Not completing primary school and receiving low school marks were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia (IRR, 2.92; 95% CI, 2.37–3.60; and IRR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.27–1.97, respectively), which was not confounded by PRS or PRS. Adjusting for social factors and parental psychiatric history, effects of not completing primary school and receiving low school marks were attenuated by up to 25% (IRR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.75–2.73; and IRR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11–1.75, respectively). Increasing PRS correlated with better school performance (p < .01; R = 7.6%). PRS and PRS was significantly negatively correlated (r = −.31, p < .01). Conclusions: The current PRS did not account for the observed association between primary school performance and risk of schizophrenia

Transgenerational concordance in parent-to-child transmission of suicidal behaviour: a retrospective, nationwide, register-based cohort study of 4 419 642 individuals in Denmark

Background Suicidal behaviour runs in families, but the nature of transgenerational concordance needs elucidation. The aim of this study was to examine parent-to-child transmission by investigating whether presence and nature of parental suicidal behaviour was associated with suicidal behaviour in children. Methods We did a retrospective, nationwide, register-based cohort study in Demark using register data. We included all individuals born after 1953 who were 10 years or older and who were recorded as living in Denmark at some point between Jan 1, 1980, and Dec 31, 2016. Adults listed as living with their child at first registration in the Civil Registration System were considered as parents; later records of different legal parents allowed identification of potential step-parents. Self-reported ethnicity data were not available. Exposure to parental suicide attempt and suicide was identified using information from hospital contacts and causes of death from national registers. The examined outcomes were suicide attempt and death by suicide. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and cumulative hazards for children's suicide attempt and suicide, taking into account type of parental suicidal behaviour, child's age of exposure, and sex. Findings In total, 4 419 642 individuals aged 10–63 years were observed during 1980–2016. Of these individuals, 150 222 (3·4%) were exposed to one or more parents with a suicide attempt, 31 564 (0·7%) to at least one parent who died by suicide, and 12 834 (0·3%) to both events. Individuals exposed to parental suicide attempt had higher rates of suicide attempt (IRR 2·72 [95% CI 2·33–3·17]) than individuals exposed to parental suicide (1·77 [1·50–2·09]) when compared with unexposed individuals. Higher rates of suicide were found for individuals exposed to parental suicide (IRR 3·18 [95% CI 2·84–3·58]) than for those exposed to parental suicide attempt (2·37 [2·19–2·57]). The cumulative hazard of suicide attempt was 0·07 for individuals exposed to parental suicide attempt, and the cumulative hazard of suicide was 0·009 for individuals exposed to parental suicide. Individuals exposed to parental suicide had higher odds of violent suicidal methods than those exposed to suicide attempt alone (odds ratio 2·0 [95% CI 1·7–2·3]). Interpretation A concordant pattern of higher rates of the same type of suicidal behaviour as the one of the parents was observed, including type of suicide method. Preventive, family-oriented interventions are warranted to mitigate familial transmission of risk, as are clinical considerations of familial exposure in risk assessment of patients

Pengaruh Dosis Pupuk Fosfor Dan Penambahan Bahan Organik Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis Hypogaea L.)

Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas pertanian yang memiliki nilai ekonomi yang cukup tinggi serta dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber protein dan lemak untuk dikonsumsi masyarakat (Ikhsani et al., 2018). Produksi kacang tanah dalam negeri belum mampu memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat Inonesia sehingga masih memerlukan substitusi impor dari luar negeri (Susilo et al., 2019). Produksi kacang tanah di Indonesia pada tahun 2019 mengalami penurunan sebesar 36.925 ton dari 457.024 ton menjadi 420.099 ton (Direktorat Aneka Kacang dan Umbi, 2019). Produksi kacang tanah yang menurun berkaitan erat dengan polong kacang tanah yang tidak terisi dengan penuh, sehingga peningkatan produktivitas kacang tanah perlu dilakukan dengan beberapa upaya, diantaranya adalah pemenuhan unsur hara yang diperlukan oleh tanaman kacang tanah. Dengan demikian produksi kacang tanah perlu ditingkatkan dengan beberapa upaya diantaranya adalah pemenuhan kebutuhan unsur hara bagi tanaman kacang tanah terutama unsur fosfor. Media tanam merupakan salah satu faktor eksternal yang dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan kacang tanah. Kacang tanah memerlukan media tumbuh yang baik sebagai penunjang pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan April sampai dengan bulan Juni 2022. Penelitian dilakukan di Greenhouse Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya yang terletak di Kelurahan Jatimulyo, Lowokwaru, Kota Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola faktorial dengan faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk SP-36 yang terdiri dari tiga taraf dan faktor kedua adalah penambahan bahan organik yang terdiri dari 3 taraf pula, sehingga didapatkan 9 kombinasi perlakuan, yang masing-masing diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga didapatkan 27 satuan petak percobaan. Alat yang digunakan adalah polibag, meteran, timbangan digital, LAM (Leaf Area Meter), label, gembor, cetok, alat tulis dan kamera. Bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan adalah benih kacang tanah varietas Kancil, pupuk kandang sapi dosis 15 ton/ha, pupuk kompos dosis 15 ton/ha, pupuk SP-36 dengan dosis 0 kg/ha, 75 kg/ha dan 150 kg/ha, urea dengan dosis 50 kg/ha, dan pupuk KCl dengan dosis 75 kg/ha. Parameter pengamatan tanaman meliputi tinggi tanaman, luas daun, jumlah daun, umur berbunga, jumlah ginofor dan panjang akar. Parameter pengamatan hasil meliputi jumlah polong per tanaman, jumlah polong isi per tanaman, jumlah polong hampa per tanaman, dan bobot polong per tanaman. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mempersiapkan media tanam yang diperlukan, penanaman, pemupukan, pemeliharaan dan panen. Kegiatan peleiharaan yang dilakukan selama penelitian berlangsung adalah penyulaman, penjarangan, pengairan, penyiangan gulma, dan pengendalian hama penyakit tanaman kacang tanah. Data yang telah diperoleh akan dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan dilakukan uji F pada taraf 5% untuk mengetahui nyata atau v tidaknya pengaruh dari perlakuan. Apabila apabila nilai F hitung lebih besar dari F tabel, maka akan dilakukan uji lanjut BNJ pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat interaksi di antara dosis pupuk SP-36 dan penambahan bahan organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kacang tanah pada seluruh variabel pengamatan. Pemberian dosis pupuk SP-36 150 kg ha-1 dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kacang tanah pada peubah tinggi tanaman 21.56%, luas daun 27.10%, jumlah daun 28.68%, mempercepat umur berbunga 16.18%, jumlah ginofor 27.91%, panjang akar 30.14%, jumlah polong isi 20.15%, jumlah polong hampa 53.54% lebih sedikit, dan bobot polong per tanaman 28.00% jika dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol. Pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang tanah yang ditandai dengan peningkatan luas daun 21.18%, jumlah daun 24.75%, panjang akar 29.93%, jumlah polong isi 30.83%, bobot polong per tanaman sebesar 25.80% dan bobot polong per plot panen 26.00% dari perlakuan kontro

Transgenerational concordance in parent-to-child transmission of suicidal behaviour: a retrospective, nationwide, register-based cohort study of 4 419 642 individuals in Denmark

Background Suicidal behaviour runs in families, but the nature of transgenerational concordance needs elucidation. The aim of this study was to examine parent-to-child transmission by investigating whether presence and nature of parental suicidal behaviour was associated with suicidal behaviour in children. Methods We did a retrospective, nationwide, register-based cohort study in Demark using register data. We included all individuals born after 1953 who were 10 years or older and who were recorded as living in Denmark at some point between Jan 1, 1980, and Dec 31, 2016. Adults listed as living with their child at first registration in the Civil Registration System were considered as parents; later records of different legal parents allowed identification of potential step-parents. Self-reported ethnicity data were not available. Exposure to parental suicide attempt and suicide was identified using information from hospital contacts and causes of death from national registers. The examined outcomes were suicide attempt and death by suicide. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and cumulative hazards for children's suicide attempt and suicide, taking into account type of parental suicidal behaviour, child's age of exposure, and sex. Findings In total, 4 419 642 individuals aged 10–63 years were observed during 1980–2016. Of these individuals, 150 222 (3·4%) were exposed to one or more parents with a suicide attempt, 31 564 (0·7%) to at least one parent who died by suicide, and 12 834 (0·3%) to both events. Individuals exposed to parental suicide attempt had higher rates of suicide attempt (IRR 2·72 [95% CI 2·33–3·17]) than individuals exposed to parental suicide (1·77 [1·50–2·09]) when compared with unexposed individuals. Higher rates of suicide were found for individuals exposed to parental suicide (IRR 3·18 [95% CI 2·84–3·58]) than for those exposed to parental suicide attempt (2·37 [2·19–2·57]). The cumulative hazard of suicide attempt was 0·07 for individuals exposed to parental suicide attempt, and the cumulative hazard of suicide was 0·009 for individuals exposed to parental suicide. Individuals exposed to parental suicide had higher odds of violent suicidal methods than those exposed to suicide attempt alone (odds ratio 2·0 [95% CI 1·7–2·3]). Interpretation A concordant pattern of higher rates of the same type of suicidal behaviour as the one of the parents was observed, including type of suicide method. Preventive, family-oriented interventions are warranted to mitigate familial transmission of risk, as are clinical considerations of familial exposure in risk assessment of patients