Telugu Text Categorization using Language Models

Document categorization has become an emerging technique in the field of research due to the abundance of documents available in digital form. In this paper we propose language dependent and independent models applicable to categorization of Telugu documents. India is a multilingual country; a provision is made for each of the Indian states to choose their own authorized language for communicating at the state level for legitimate purpose. The availability of constantly increasing amount of textual data of various Indian regional languages in electronic form has accelerated. Hence, the Classification of text documents based on languages is crucial. Telugu is the third most spoken language in India and one of the fifteen most spoken language n the world. It is the official language of the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. A variant of k-nearest neighbors algorithm used for categorization process. The results obtained by the Comparisons of language dependent and independent models

Albuminuria and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology And Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAMS, report 12)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The concordance of microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been well reported in persons with type 1 diabetes; however, for type 2 diabetes, there is paucity of data especially from population-based studies. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of albuminuria (micro - and macroalbuminuria) among persons with type 2 diabetes and determine its role as a risk factor for presence and severity of DR.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A population-based cross sectional study was conducted in cohort of 1414 subjects with type 2 diabetes from Chennai metropolis. All the subjects underwent comprehensive eye examination including 45 degrees four-field stereoscopic digital photography. DR was clinically graded using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scales. A morning urine sample was tested for albuminuria. Subjects were considered to have microalbuminuria, if the urinary albumin excretion was between 30 and 300 mg/24 hours, and macroalbuminuria at more than 300 mg/24 hours. The statistical software used was SPSS for Windows, Chicago, IL. Student t-test for comparing continuous variables, and <it>χ</it>²test, to compare proportions amongst groups were used.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the study subjects was 15.9% (226/1414), and that of macroalbuminuria, 2.7% (38/1414). Individuals with macroalbuminuria in comparison to micro- or normoalbuminuria showed a greater prevalence of DR (60.5% vs. 31.0% vs. 14.1%, p < 0.001), and also a greater severity of the disease (60.9% vs. 21.4 vs. 9.9, p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Every 6^thindividual in the population of type 2 diabetes is likely to have albuminuria. Subjects with microalbuminuria were around 2 times as likely to have DR as those without microalbuminuria, and this risk became almost 6 times in the presence of macroalbuminuria.</p

Abnormal Complement Activation and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a neurovascular complication in preterm babies, leading to severe visual impairment, but the underlying mechanisms are yet unclear. The present study aimed at unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ROP. A comprehensive screening of candidate genes in preterms with ROP (n = 189) and no-ROP (n = 167) was undertaken to identify variants conferring disease susceptibility. Allele and genotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes were analyzed to identify the ROP-associated variants. Variants in CFH (p = 2.94 x 10(-7)), CFB (p = 1.71 x 10(-5)), FBLN5 (p = 9.2 x 10(-4)), CETP (p = 2.99 x 10(-5)), and CXCR4 (p = 1.32 x 10(-8)) genes exhibited significant associations with ROP. Further, a quantitative assessment of 27 candidate proteins and cytokines in the vitreous and tear samples of babies with severe ROP (n = 30) and congenital cataract (n = 30) was undertaken by multiplex bead arrays and further validated by western blotting and zymography. Significant elevation and activation of MMP9 (p = 0.038), CFH (p = 2.24 x 10(-5)), C3 (p = 0.05), C4 (p = 0.001), IL-1ra (p = 0.0019), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p = 0.0027), and G-CSF (p = 0.0099) proteins were observed in the vitreous of ROP babies suggesting an increased inflammation under hypoxic condition. Along with inflammatory markers, activated macrophage/microglia were also detected in the vitreous of ROP babies that secreted complement component C3, VEGF, IL-1ra, and MMP-9 under hypoxic stress in a cell culture model. Increased expression of the inflammatory markers like the IL-1ra (p = 0.014), MMP2 (p = 0.0085), and MMP-9 (p = 0.03) in the tears of babies at different stages of ROP further demonstrated their potential role in disease progression. Based on these findings, we conclude that increased complement activation in the retina/vitreous in turn activated microglia leading to increased inflammation. A quantitative assessment of inflammatory markers in tears could help in early prediction of ROP progression and facilitate effective management of the disease, thereby preventing visual impairment

Impact of age-related macular degeneration on diabetic retinopathy: An electronic health record based big data analysis from a tertiary eye centre in South India.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the presence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) decreases the risk of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: This was a retrospective, case-cohort study performed in patients with a systemic diagnosis of diabetes at a tertiary health care center from May 2011 to April 2020. A total of 43,153 patients (1,024 AMD patients and 42,129 non-AMD patients) were included in the analysis. A total of 1,024 age and diabetes mellitus (DM) duration-matched controls were chosen from the non-AMD group for risk factor analysis. The severity of diabetic retinopathy was compared between the patients with AMD and the patients without AMD. RESULTS: Out of the enrolled 43,153 diabetic patients, 26,906 were males and 16,247 were females. A total of 1,024 patients had AMD and 42,129 had no AMD. The mean age of the cohort was 58.60 ± 0.09 years. The overall prevalence of DR was noted to be 22.8% (9,825 out of 43,153 eyes). A significantly lower prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (23% in non-AMD, 11.4% in AMD, OR = -0.43, P < 0.001), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (12% in non-AMD, 8.2% in AMD, OR = -0.66, P < 0.001), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (11% in non-AMD, 3.2% in AMD, OR = -0.27, P < 0.001) was seen in the AMD patients. No significant difference was seen between the dry and wet AMD. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the lower age, absence of AMD, and male gender were associated with a higher risk of PDR. CONCLUSION: The presence of AMD was noted to statistically reduce the risk of DR. Our results may be useful in the field of resource allocation and awareness of DR

Delayed inflammation associated with retained perfluorocarbon liquid

A 55-year-old woman, with history of cataract surgery 1 year back, presented with features of ocular inflammation for last 3 months. She had no history of any other intraocular surgery. On examination, anterior segment showed frothy material in the inferior angle with moderate anterior chamber reaction (cells+/flare+) and sulcus intraocular lens with large posterior capsule rent. Fundoscopy showed multiple, small to medium-sized transparent bubbles of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) with membranes in the vitreous cavity. Ultrasonography confirmed the presence of PFCL in the vitreous cavity. Pars plana vitrectomy with anterior chamber wash was done which led to good visual recovery. To conclude, retained PFCL can cause late onset fibrinous inflammation after a quiescent period but surgical intervention may lead to good visual outcome

Changes in protein composition and protein phosphorylation during somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Changes in protein profiles and protein phosphorylation were studied in various stages of germinating somatic and zygotic embryos. Many proteins, which were expressed in cotyledonary stage somatic embryos, were also present in the zygotic embryos obtained from mature dry seed. The intensity of 22 kDa protein was much higher in zygotic embryos in comparison to cotyledonary somatic embryos. Proteins of 55, 53, 27 and 25 kDa did not vary in expression during different stages of germination of somatic and zygotic embryos. There was rapid accumulation of 28 kda protein in germinating zygotic and somatic embryos at 3 rd stage and persisted during the subsequent stages of germination indicating the emergence of radical and plumule. A clear difference was observed in the patterns of protein phosphorylation in germinating somatic and zygotic embryos. A 50 kDa protein was heavily phosphorylated in mature zygotic embryos at 2nd stage of germination and disappeared in 3rd stage of germination. Protiens of 50 and 43 kDa proteins showed enhanced phosphorylation up to 3rd stage and drastic reduction was observed at 4th stage. In addition, phosphorylation of 68 and 65 kDa specifically appeared in 3rd stage of germinating somatic embryos and were not observed during any germinating stages of zygotic embryos

Peering into the eye: A comprehensive look at ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and its diagnostic value in anterior segment disorders

Background: Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a noninvasive imaging modality that enables in-vivo visualization of the structures of the anterior segment of the eye. Unlike routine ophthalmic diagnostic ultrasound which uses frequencies of 5–10 MHz, UBM utilizes ultrasound frequencies in the range of 50–100 MHz. The high-frequency probes in UBM allows for higher resolution and better visualization of subsurface ocular structures, even in the presence of anatomic or pathological obscuration. UBM has qualitative as well as quantitative applications in various disorders affecting the anterior segment of the eye. Despite its huge importance, many clinicians lack in knowledge about the technique and its clinical usefulness. The current educational video aims to address this gap in knowledge by highlighting the technique and various clinical indications of UBM. Purpose: The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the technique of UBM and showcase its quantitative and qualitative implications and importance through various clinical cases. Synopsis: UBM is an imaging technique that assesses the depth of tissue structures by measuring the time delay of the returning ultrasound signal. This modality is capable of measuring the size of various structures within the eye, such as the cornea, iris, ciliary body, sclera, and the depth of the anterior and posterior chamber. To perform a UBM, a transducer is inserted into a specially designed eye cup filled with distilled water, creating a water bath environment. Axial and longitudinal scans can be performed in a similar fashion as in routine diagnostic B-scan ultrasound. Quantitative indications for UBM depicted in this video include measurements of corneal thickness, depth of the anterior chamber, and the width of the angle. The video also showcases how UBM can aid in the diagnosis and management of various anterior segment disorders like angle-closure glaucoma, plateau iris configuration, secondary glaucoma, and anterior uveitis with complicated cataract. Qualitative indications for UBM highlighted in this video include its role in intermediate uveitis, ocular hypotony, ocular surface tumors, cystic lesions of iris, and identifying the location and type of intraocular foreign bodies in the anterior segment based on the type of artifact seen. Additionally, the video shows the applications of UBM in scleral and episcleral pathologies. Highlights: This video will educate clinicians about the technique of UBM and showcase a bouquet of UBM findings in various case scenarios, helping one to better understand the potential of this modality in clinical practice. Video link: https://youtu.be/F626TMbJXo

Analysis of yield of retinal imaging in a rural diabetes eye care model

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the yield of retinal images obtained in a rural diabetes eye care model. Methods: An analysis of a sample of nonmydriatic fundus photography (NMFP) of posterior segment ophthalmic images, obtained by an indigenous equipment (3 nethra-Forus Royal), was done in a district-wide rural diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program; a trained optometrist did the initial image grading. DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) were classified based on international DR and DME severity scale. The agreement between the optometrist and retina specialist was very good (κ = 0.932; standard error = 0.030; 95% confidence interval = 0.874–0.991). Results: Posterior segment images of 2000 eyes of 1000 people with diabetes mellitus (DM) were graded. The mean age of the participants was 55.7 ± 11.5 standard deviation years. Nearly 42% of the screened participants (n = 420/1000) needed referral. The most common referable posterior segment abnormality was DR (8.2%). The proportion of people with any form of DR was seen in 110/1225 eyes, and sight-threatening DR was seen in 35/1225 eyes. About 62% of posterior segment images were gradable. The reasons for ungradable posterior segment images (34%) were small pupil, unfocused/partially available field of images, and cataract. Conclusion: A NMFP model was able to detect referable posterior segment abnormalities in a rural diabetes eye care program. Reasons found for ungradability of images in the present study can be addressed while designing future DR screening programs in the rural areas