La implementación de sanciones políticas para coadyuvar el pago de las multas impuestas por el Jurado Nacional de Elecciones a las organizaciones políticas

La presente investigación, tiene como objetivo principal determinar acciones que hagan efectivas la cobranza de las multas impuestas por el Jurado Nacional de Elecciones a las organizaciones políticas inscritas en el Registro de Organizaciones Políticas, objetivo orientado al fortalecimiento y continuidad de nuestras Organizaciones Políticas tan pasajeras. Por ello, se verificó la legislación comparada y se pudo verificar la importancia que ha tomado la reforma electoral en los últimos procesos electorales dentro de América Latina creando un modelo adecuado para la vida democrática en cada País. Entrando al plano nacional, se verifica la manifestación de destacados juristas y analistas políticos de la poca importancia que se ha tomado la regulación de la efectividad de sanciones pecuniarias impuestas por el Jurado Nacional de Elecciones a las Organizaciones Políticas. Es así que analizando los expedientes administrativos y judiciales en las que ponen a cobro las sanciones pecuniarias, se tienen que éstas aún no se han podido cobrar puesto que en la mayoría de casos, los partidos políticos no tienen patrimonio propio para hacer efectivo los cobros, producto de la poca importancia se toman los actores políticos para la institucionalización de estas. Las conclusiones a las que se ha podido llegar es que la ausencia de sanciones de corte no pecuniario dentro de la Ley de Organizaciones Políticas, han permitido la impunidad sobre las multas pecuniarias; impunidad que es parte de nuestra falta de compromiso con la institucionalidad de las Organizaciones Políticas. De allí que nuestra recomendación para la implementación de sanciones de no pecuniarias para hacer efectivo el cobro de las multas dentro en la legislación electoral.In the present investigation, it has as main objective to determine sanctions that make effective the collection of the fines imposed by the National Jury of Elections to the political organizations registered in the Register of Political Organizations, oriented to the strengthening and continuity of the Policies Political Organizations and Passengers . For this reason, the comparative legislation was verified and it was possible to verify the importance that the electoral reform has taken in the last electoral processes within Latin America, creating a suitable model for the democratic life in each country. Entering the national level, verifying the manifestation of outstanding jurists and political analysts of the small importance that has taken the regulation of the effectiveness of pecuniary sanctions imposed by the National Election Jury to Political Organizations. Thus, analyzing the administrative and judicial records in which they charge pecuniary sanctions, they still have not been able to collect what in most cases, the political parties do not have their own assets to make the collection effective, Product Of the little importance are taken the political actors for the institutionalization of these. The conclusions reached in the absence of non-pecuniary sanctions within the Political Organizations Act have allowed impunity for pecuniary fines; Impunity that is part of our lack of commitment to the institutionality of political organizations. Of all our recommendation for the implementation of sanctions of non pecuniary to make effective the collection of pecuniary fines within the Law of Political Organizations.Tesi

Limit Setting and Optimization for New Particle Production at CDF using Photon Timing

New particles can be produced in high energy proton anti-proton collisions at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). These new particles typically decay very quickly and their decay products can be recorded by the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). In particular, the detector can measure the arrival times of photons produced in the decay of particles created in the interaction. Thus, we may be sensitive to the production of new, massive particles that decay in flight to photons. Such particles can be produced in versions of Supersymmetry, and even be produced as the decay of a Higgs boson. Since the photons that may have come from such events will arrive at the surface of the detector later than photons produced directly from a primary collision, they can be separated in time and analyzed for significance with a nanosecond timing resolution. This analysis is the optimization of the search for these new particles, and the final expected search sensitivity. The results will be the first of their kind, and are expected to set limits as a function of the mass and lifetime of the new particles

Contact Hypersensitivity to Oxazolone Provokes Vulvar Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Mice

The interplay among pain, allergy and dysregulated inflammation promises to yield significant conceptual advances in immunology and chronic pain. Hapten-mediated contact hypersensitivity reactions are used to model skin allergies in rodents but have not been utilized to study associated changes in pain perception in the affected skin. Here we characterized changes in mechanical hyperalgesia in oxazolone-sensitized female mice challenged with single and repeated labiar skin exposure to oxazolone. Female mice were sensitized with topical oxazolone on their flanks and challenged 1-3 times on the labia. We then measured mechanical sensitivity of the vulvar region with an electronic pressure meter and evaluated expression of inflammatory genes, leukocyte influx and levels of innervation in the labiar tissue. Oxazolone-sensitized mice developed vulvar mechanical hyperalgesia after a single labiar oxazolone challenge. Hyperalgesia lasted up to 24 hours along with local influx of neutrophils, upregulation of inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and increased density of cutaneous labiar nerve fibers. Three daily oxazolone challenges produced vulvar mechanical hyperalgesic responses and increases in nerve density that were detectable up to 5 days post-challenge even after overt inflammation resolved. This persistent vulvar hyperalgesia is resonant with vulvodynia, an understudied chronic pain condition that is remarkably prevalent in 18-60 year-old women. An elevated risk for vulvodynia has been associated with a history of environmental allergies. Our pre-clinical model can be readily adapted to regimens of chronic exposures and long-term assessment of vulvar pain with and without concurrent inflammation to improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying subsets of vulvodynia and to develop new therapeutics for this condition

Serendipitous discoveries in microarray analysis

Background Scientists are capable of performing very large scale gene expression experiments with current microarray technologies. In order to find significance in the expression data, it is common to use clustering algorithms to group genes with similar expression patterns. Clusters will often contain related genes, such as co-regulated genes or genes in the same biological pathway. It is too expensive and time consuming to test all of the relationships found in large scale microarray experiments. There are many bioinformatics tools that can be used to infer the significance of microarray experiments and cluster analysis. Materials and methods In this project we review several existing tools and used a combination of them to narrow down the number of significant clusters from a microarray experiment. Microarray data was obtained through the Cerebellar Gene Regulation in Time and Space (Cb GRiTS) database [2]. The data was clustered using paraclique, a graph-based clustering algorithm. Each cluster was evaluated using Gene-Set Cohesion Analysis Tool (GCAT) [3], ONTO-Pathway Analysis [4], and Allen Brain Atlas data [1]. The clusters with the lowest p-values in each of the three analysis methods were researched to determine good candidate clusters for further experimental confirmation of gene relationships. Results and conclusion While looking for genes important to cerebellar development, we serendipitously came across interesting clusters related to neural diseases. For example, we found two clusters that contain genes known to be associated with Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease pathways. Both clusters scored low in all three analyses and have very similar expression patterns but at different expression levels. Such unexpected discoveries help unlock the real power of high throughput data analysis

Interpreting Gene Expression Effects of Disease-Associated Variants: A Lesson from SNCA rs356168

The SNCA intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs356168, has been associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in large genome wide association studies (GWAS). Recently, the PD-risk allele, rs356168-G was shown to increase SNCA-mRNA expression using genome edited human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived neurons. In this study, as means of validation, we tested the effect of rs356168 on total SNCA-mRNA levels using brain tissues, temporal and frontal cortex, from healthy control donors. Carriers of the rs356168-G allele demonstrated a borderline significant decrease of SNCA-mRNA levels in temporal brain tissues (p = 0.02) compared to individuals homozygous for the ‘A’ allele. Similar trend, but weak, was observed in the analysis of frontal cortex samples, however, this analysis did not reach statistical significance. These results conflict with the recently reported effect of SNCA SNP rs356168 described above. Our study conveys the need to carefully interpret the precise molecular mechanism by which rs356168, or another tightly linked variant, affects the regulation of SNCA expression. The regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the observed associations between PD and the SNCA-3′ linkage disequilibrium region warrant further investigations

Investigating the psychometric properties of the Suicide Stroop task

Behavioral measures are increasingly used to assess suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Some measures, such as the Suicide Stroop Task, have yielded mixed findings in the literature. An understudied feature of these behavioral measures has been their psychometric properties, which may affect the probability of detecting significant effects and reproducibility. In the largest investigation of its kind, we tested the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the Suicide Stroop Task in its current form, drawing from seven separate studies (N = 875 participants, 64% female, aged 12 to 81 years). Results indicated that the most common Suicide Stroop scoring approach, interference scores, yielded unacceptably low internal consistency (rs = -.09-.13) and failed to demonstrate concurrent validity. Internal consistency coefficients for mean reaction times (RTs) to each stimulus type ranged from rs = .93-.94. All scoring approaches for suicide-related interference demonstrated poor classification accuracy (AUCs = .52-.56) indicating that scores performed near chance in their ability to classify suicide attempters from nonattempters. In the case of mean RTs, we did not find evidence for concurrent validity despite our excellent reliability findings, highlighting that reliability does not guarantee a measure is clinically useful. These results are discussed in the context of the wider implications for testing and reporting psychometric properties of behavioral measures in mental health research

A Chemical Proteomics Approach to Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling in Macrophages

Prior work using lipid-based affinity matrices has been done to investigate distinct sets of lipid-binding proteins, and one series of experiments has proven successful in mammalian cells for the proteome-wide identification of lipid-binding proteins. However, most lipid-based proteomics screens require scaled up sample preparation, are often composed of multiple cell types, and are not adapted for simultaneous signal transduction studies. Herein we provide a chemical proteomics strategy that uses cleavable lipid "baits" with broad applicability to diverse biological samples. The novel baits were designed to avoid preparative steps to allow functional proteomics studies when the biological source is a limiting factor. Validation of the chemical baits was first confirmed by the selective isolation of several known endogenous phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling proteins using primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. The use of this technique for cellular proteomics and MS/MS analysis was then demonstrated by the identification of known and potential novel lipid-binding proteins that was confirmed in vitro for several proteins by direct lipid-protein interactions. Further to the identification, the method is also compatible with subsequent signal transduction studies, notably for protein kinase profiling of the isolated lipid-bound protein complexes. Taken together, this integration of minimal scale proteomics, lipid chemistry, and activity-based readouts provides a significant advancement in the ability to identify and study the lipid proteome of single, relevant cell types

Io’s Volcanic Activity from Time Domain Adaptive Optics Observations: 2013–2018

We present measurements of the near-infrared brightness of Io's hot spots derived from 2 to 5 μm imaging with adaptive optics on the Keck and Gemini N telescopes. The data were obtained on 271 nights between 2013 August and the end of 2018, and include nearly 1000 detections of over 75 unique hot spots. The 100 observations obtained between 2013 and 2015 have been previously published in de Kleer & de Pater the observations since the start of 2016 are presented here for the first time, and the analysis is updated to include the full five-year data set. These data provide insight into the global properties of Io's volcanism. Several new hot spots and bright eruptions have been detected, and the preference for bright eruptions to occur on Io's trailing hemisphere noted in the 2013–2015 data is strengthened by the larger data set and remains unexplained. The program overlapped in time with Sprint-A/EXCEED and Juno observations of the Jovian system, and correlations with transient phenomena seen in other components of the system have the potential to inform our understanding of the impact of Io's volcanism on Jupiter and its neutral/plasma environment