Endophytic fungi associated with four endemic wild coffee species (Mascarocoffea) in Madagascar

Mascarocoffea are wild coffee plants endemic to Madagascar. These plants produce diverse, often specific biomolecules that are not found in cultivated coffee plants. Production of these compounds could be due to interactions between the endophytes and the host plant. Few studies have been carried out on the richness and diversity of microorganisms associated with these coffee plants. The objective of this study was to identify endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of species of Mascarocoffea by morphological and molecular methods. Fifteen taxa were morphologically identified among the 30 isolated. These included Phyllosticta sp., Colletotrichum sp., Daldinia sp., Diaporthe sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp.01, Fusarium sp. 02, Fusarium sp. 03, Monilinia sp., Trichoderma sp., Alternaria sp, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger , Rhizopus sp. and Nigrospora sp. The phylum Ascomycota was the most represented, with 14 taxa and 1 taxon (Rhizopus sp.) belonging to the phylum of Zygomycota. Molecular characterisation confirmed of the identity of these 15 taxa and those of the morphologically Unidentified (NI) mycotaxa including Colletotrichum karstii , Colletotrichum siamense , Neofusicoccum parvum , Colletotrichum siamense, Punctularia strigosozonata , Stemphylium solani , Phoma multirostrata , Calophoma complonata, Daldinia vanderguchtiae , Phoma exigua and Boremia exigua . This study allowed us to identify the endophytic fungi isolated from Mascarocoffea leaves from Madagascar.Les Mascarocoffea sont des caf\ue9iers sauvages end\ue9miques de Madagascar. Ces plantes produisent des biomol\ue9cules diversifi\ue9es, souvent sp\ue9cifiques et inexistantes chez les caf\ue9iers cultiv\ue9s. La production de ces compos\ue9s pourrait \ueatre due aux interactions des microorganismes endophytes et la plante h\uf4te. Peu d\u2019\ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9e sur la richesse et la diversit\ue9 des microorganismes associ\ue9s \ue0 ces caf\ue9iers. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude est d\u2019identifier les champignons endophytes isol\ue9s \ue0 partir des feuilles de quatre esp\ue8ces de Mascarocoffea par la m\ue9thode morphologique et mol\ue9culaire. Quinze taxons ont pu \ueatre identifi\ue9s morphologiquement parmi les 30 isol\ue9s. Ce sont\ua0: Phyllosticta sp., Colletotrichum sp., Daldinia sp., Diaporthe sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp.01, Fusarium sp.02, Fusarium sp. 03, Monilinia sp., Trichoderma sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger , Rhizopus sp. et Nigrospora sp. Le phylum des Ascomycota est le mieux repr\ue9sent\ue9 avec 14 taxons et 1 taxon (Rhizopus sp.) appartient au phylum de Zygomycota. La caract\ue9risation mol\ue9culaire a permis de confirmer l\u2019identit\ue9 de ces 15 taxons et celles des mycotaxons morphologiquement Non Identifi\ue9es (NI) dont Colletotrichum karstii , Colletotrichum siamense , Neofusicoccum parvum , Colletotrichum siamense, Punctularia strigosozonata , Stemphylium solani , Phoma multirostrata , Calophoma complonata, Daldinia vanderguchtiae , Phoma exigua et Boremia exigua . Cette \ue9tude nous a permis d\u2019identifier les champignons endophytes des feuilles de Mascarocoffea de Madagascar

Post-cropping change and dynamics in soil and vegetation properties after forest clearing : example of the semi-arid Mikea Region (Southwestern Madagascar)

This study concerns post-cultural dynamics in the semi-arid South-West of Madagascar (Analabo area, near the Mikea Forest). A synchronic comparison was performed on a set of abandoned fields plots aged from 2 to 30 years and on forest and savanna reference ecosystems, located on cambic arenosols developed from same Quaternary dune sands. The studied parameters concerned mainly a few physical and chemical soil properties (density, permeability, compaction, texture, C, N, K, P content). Important changes occur in the post-cultural succession: an increase of the soil density and compaction, and decrease of the soil upper layer permeability. Consequently, slash and burn cultivation leads to a packing and an induration of the soil surface. Results about edaphic indicators have shown that the physical parameters used better discriminate various stages of evolution than the chemical parameters do. The multivariate analysis of soil indicators shows that vegetative succession over 30 years in a forest ecosystem cleared, burnt, cultivated and left, does not lead to features corresponding to a closed-canopy forest but rather to those of a tree savanna with open, mixed woody-herbaceous vegetation. The primary dense dry deciduous regeneration of the primary forest is very low or nil. In the semi-arid SW Madagascar (Analabo region), post-cultural dynamics conditions consists in a savanna-formation process, controlled by: (1) the intensity and duration of the disturbance (during the cultivation phase); and (2) the more drastic environmental conditions (including both climate and soil). To cite this article: J.-C. Leprun et al., C. R. Geoscience 341 (2009)

Annual biomass increment of Xerophytic thickets and sustainability of woody charcoal production in southwestern Madagascar

The sustainability of woody charcoal production activity is analysed in xerophytic thickets in southwestern Madagascar. The above ground biomass productivity of xerophytic thickets and the biomass corresponding to woody charcoal production in the Soalara-Sud commune were estimated and compared. All individuals >3 cm diameter in 40 4 x 4 m(2) plots were harvested for above ground biomass measurements. Four treatments, defined by soil type (lixisol and calcisol) and distance from villages (near 4 km), were tested. The growth rings, assumed to be annual, of the shrub trunk with the largest diameter, presumed to be the oldest specimen on each 4 x 4 m(2) plot, were counted to estimate the duration of biomass production on the plot. Above ground biomass productivity was estimated by the ratio between above ground biomass and growth rings number. The mean above ground biomass productivity varied between 038 and 0.99 t ha(-1) year(-1) of dry mass according to the four treatments. It did not vary significantly with soil type and increased with distance from villages on lixisol where woody charcoal is produced. The total above ground biomass of xerophytic thickets used for woody charcoal production on the current woody charcoal production site is around 862.55 t year(-1) of fresh matter, equivalent to 107.82 t of woody charcoal. However, the effective woody charcoal production on the study site in 2013 was equal to 600.90 t, which is higher than the woody charcoal production allowed by the xerophytic thickets above ground biomass productivity. Consequently, woody charcoal production activity in the study site is unsustainable and will result in the disappearance of mature individuals belonging to species used for woody charcoal production in less than 15 years. Once this occurs, woody charcoal production will be moved to other xerophytic thickets On calcisol

Savoirs locaux sur les plantes médicinales de Soalara sud (sud-ouest de Madagascar)

Valorisation Durable des Formations Sèches Côtières, Toliara, MDG, 17-/09/2018 - 19/09/2018La commune de Soalara Sud est caractérisée par un fourré xérophytique. La population locale dépend encore des ressources naturelles. Les études ethnopharmacologiques ont permis d'identifier les plantes les plus utilisées par les villageois, la diversité des savoirs sur l'utilisation des espècesmédicinales selon l'âge, le genre et les activités socio-économiques, les maladies locales fréquentes et les espèces médicinales appropriées. Les méthodes de collecte des données utilisées sont l'interview individuel et l'observation directe des activités des villageois avec un échantillonnage de type aléatoire.Le nombre de personnes interviewées est de 97 dont 43 femmes et 54 hommes. Les hommes connaissent mieux les plantes utilisées pour soigner les blessures tandis que les femmes ont plus de connaissances sur les plantes utilisées en pédiatrie et maternité. Cinquante-trois espèces médicinalesréparties dans 46 genres et 26 familles ont été recensées. Les maladies les plus fréquentes touchent les appareils respiratoire et digestif. Cedrelopsis grevei est la plus utilisée (indice d'utilisation : 1,45 ; fréquence (40 %) ; indice de saillance : 0,36). Vient ensuite Aloe vaombe (indice d'utilisation : 0,6 ; fréquence (30 %) ; indice de saillance : 0,22). La partie la plus utilisée est la tige (48 %). La majorité des espèces sont endémiques et leurs habitats sont menacé

Modélisation de la fragmentation de la forêt dense sèche du parc national Mikea (sud-ouest de Madagascar) : cas de la commune d'Analamisampy

Valorisation Durable des Formations Sèches Côtières, Toliara, MDG, 17-/09/2018 - 19/09/201

Water and land security in drylands : response to climate change

In southwestern Madagascar, the Mikea forest is a highly diverse ecosystem of great biodiversity, whiëh mixes dry deciduous forest in the eastern part and xerophytic thicket in the western coastal area. However, dry forests and shrubs are rapidly destroyed due to slash-and-burn cultivation (hatsaky) and exploitation offorest resources by riparian communities and extemal operators. The aim of this paper is to evaluate forest fragmentation in the Mikea national park, by comparing past and recent forest maps. The analysis of forest fragmentation is based on landscape indices. The changes in forest cover have been detected from time-series SPOT satellite images registered over 15 years (1999, 2005, and 2014). Between 1999 and 2014, forest area is reduced by 39.8% which is equivalent to an annual forest Joss rate of 4.6%. The forest fragmentation is associated with a significant decrease in forest patch size. The mean patch size decreases from 37,228 to 18,731 ha from 1999 to 2014. The primary direct causes are economic driven due to intense anthropogenic activities such as wood charcoal production, Jogging, accompanied by frequent wild land tires. The indirect cause is the absence of a sustainable environmental management and conservation strategy