56 research outputs found
Microbial shelf life of chub-packaged ground beef from four large U.S. processing plants
Ten pound chubs of coarsely ground beef of two different lean:fat specifications (73:27 and 81:19) were stored at three temperatures (34, 38 or 45 ÌŠF) to monitor the effects of storage temperature on microbial condition of the product. Ground beef from four U.S. plants was tested (2 trials each), and microbial analyses were conducted on storage days 0, 6, 10, 14, and 18 using seven different media to estimate counts of total aerobic and anaerobic, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial counts for a given culture medium were similar among plants and meat types. At day 10, total mi crobial counts from chubs stored at 38 or 45 ÌŠF were approximately 8 log10 CFU/g, whereas total counts from chubs stored at 34 ÌŠF were approximately 4.5 log 10 CFU/g (4 log=10,000, CFU is colony forming units). Regardless of storage temperature and meat type, LAB predominated. Growth of gram-negative enteric bacteria was delayed in chubs stored at 34 ÌŠF throughout the 18 day study, whereas counts increased in chubs stored at 38 or 45 ÌŠ F
Translocation of natural microflora from muscle surface to interior by blade tenderization
The effect of blade tenderization on translocation
of natural microflora from the surface to
the interior of longissimus dorsi steaks aged for
7, 14, and 21 days was evaluated. Samples
from the exterior and interior of steaks from
blade-tenderized (BT) and non-blade-tenderized
(N-BT) strip loins were analyzed for aerobic
plate, coliform, and Escherichia coli counts.
Results showed that BT translocated microorganisms
(aerobic plate counts) from the exterior
to the interior of muscle. Microorganism numbers
increased with extended storage (P<.05).
Counts of coliforms and Escherichia coli
recovered from BT steaks were comparable to
those from N-BT steaks because of very low
exterior counts, showing the importance of good
hygiene
Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in large-diameter, lebanon-style bologna
Lebanon bologna raw batter was mixed with a five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to achieve average inoculum levels of 7.79, 7.77, and 7.92 log CFU/g as deter mined on MSA, 202, and PRSA media, respectively. Treatment 1 consisted of a fermentation cycle of 8 hrs at an internal temperature (I.T.) of 80EF then 24 hrs at 100EF I.T., followed by 24 hrs at 110EF I.T. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 included additional heating at 115EF I.T. for 1, 2, and 5 hrs, respectively. All heat treatments resulted in product that was negative (\u3c1.9 log CFU/g detection limit) on all culture media and negative after enrichment on mEC selective medium. This study validates that a five-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 can be achieved using the described protocol, thus meeting USDA/FSIS requirements
Use of Oxyrase® enzyme to enhance recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from culture media and ground beef
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a bacterium
that has caused great concern in the meat and
food industry during the last few years
because of several, well-publicized, disease
outbreaks, including the incident at the Jackin-
the-Box fast food chain in Seattle, Washington.
The organism can cause severe
sickness and even death in certain population
groups. To better assure meat safety, federal
meat inspection is focusing on developing
rapid methods to detect this disease agent
and others. Oxyrase is a commercially available
enzyme that can accelerate the growth of
some bacteria. Current techniques for
isolation and culturing of E. coli O157:H7
from foods require an enrichment period of
18 to 24 hours, thus limiting their usefulness
for perishable foods that are marketed quickly.
Our investigation found that Oxyrase
shortened required enrichment periods in
broth culture only. The enzyme was less
effective in sterilized ground beef
Validation of a traditional Italian-style salami manufacturing process for control of salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes
Italian-style salami batter (formulated with pork shoulder) was inoculated with ca. 7.0 log CFU/g of either Salmonella
or Listeria monocytogenes. Salami links (55-mm cellulose casings) were fermented at 308C for 24, 40, or 72 h and then dried
to target moisture/protein ratios (MPRs) of 1.9:1 or 1.4:1. Links were sampled after fermentation (24, 40, and 72 h) and after
combined fermentation-drying treatments (MPRs of 1.9:1 and 1.4:1 for all fermentation periods), and microbiological and
proximate analyses were performed at each sampling. Pathogen populations were enumerated by direct plating on selective
agar and by an injured-cell recovery method. When enumerated by the injured-cell recovery method, Salmonella populations
were reduced by 1.2 to 2.1 log CFU/g after fermentation alone (24 to 72 h) and by 2.4 to 3.4 log CFU/g when fermentation
was followed by drying. Drying to an MPR of 1.4:1 was no more effective than drying to an MPR of 1.9:1 (P . 0.05). When
enumerated directly on selective media, Salmonella populations were reduced from 1.6 to 2.4 log CFU/g and from 3.6 to 4.5
log CFU/g for fermentation alone and fermentation followed by drying, respectively. L. monocytogenes populations were
reduced by ,1.0 log CFU/g following all fermentation and combined fermentation-drying treatments, regardless of the enumeration
method. These results suggest that the Italian-style salami manufacturing process evaluated does not adequately
reduce high pathogen loads. Processors may thus need to consider supplemental measures, such as raw material specifications
and a final heating step, to enhance the lethality of the overall manufacturing process
Effects of cetylpyridinium chloride treatment of roast beef on Listeria monocytogenes populations and quality attributes
The effectiveness of cetylpyridinium chloride
(CPC) for reducing microbial populations,
in particular Listeria monocytogenes, on
ready-to-eat roast beef was evaluated. Roast
beef slices inoculated with L. monocytogenes
were dipped in a solution of 1% CPC for 1
minute. Samples were then vacuum packaged
and stored at refrigeration temperature. The
effects of CPC treatment on microbial populations, as well as on color and texture of the roast beef samples, was evaluated over a 42-day period. Immediately after CPC treatment, L. monocytogenes populations were reduced by 99 to 99.99%, with the treatment being somewhat more effective on exterior than on sliced/cut surfaces. Throughout 42 days of refrigerated storage, populations of L. monocytogenes, total bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria remained lower on CPC-treated samples than on non-treated samples. Treatment with CPC did not significantly affect the color or texture of roast beef. Treatment with CPC, especially when applied to products before slicing, may serve as an effective antimicrobial intervention for ready-to-eat meat products
High moisture tempering of corn before flaking: effects on bacterial contamination from houseflies and fecal shedding in finishing cattle Broce, A.B.; Gordon, C.M.; Sindt, J.J.; Depenbusch, Brandon E.; Drouillard, James S.; Phebus, Randall K
Tempered and non-tempered steam-flaked corn samples along with total mixed rations containing either tempered or non-tempered steam-flaked corn were exposed to flies and the environment for 21 hours. Exposure to flies and the environment increased (P\u3c0.05) generic E. coli, non-E. coli coliforms, total coliforms, and total plate count for the steamflaked corn samples independent of tempering. Tempering corn before steam-flaking increased total plate counts. Exposure to the environment and flies did not significantly (P\u3e0.05) alter microbial counts of total mixed rations regardless of tempering (Table 1). Generic E. coli coliforms were greater in total mixed rations when the corn was tempered, both before and after exposure to flies and the environment (P\u3c0.05). Similarly, total microbial plate counts were higher in steam-flaked corn samples when the corn was tempered (P\u3c0.05). A significant increase in response to grain tempering was also noted in non-E. coli coliforms and total microbial plate counts for the total mixed ration samples after exposure (Table 1). Following the initial experiments, 96 finishing beef steers were used to evaluate the effects of tempering steam-flaked corn on acid-resistant E. coli and total fecal coliforms. On day 56 of the feeding period, fecal samples were collected and analyzed for total and acidresistant E. coli and coliforms. No significant treatment difference was observed in the total fecal coliforms (P\u3e0.05), but acid-resistant (pH 2) non-E. coli and total fecal coliforms (Table 2) were lower in feces of cattle fed the tempered grain than those fed non-tempered grain
Needle-free injection enhancement of beef improves tenderness but slightly increases microbial translocation
Blade tenderization has been used for decades to increase tenderness in beef cuts that are highly variable in tenderness or predicted to be “tough.” Injection enhancement also is commonly used in industry to increase tenderness, juiciness, and flavor of some beef muscles. These processes have the potential to translocate microbial organisms on the exterior to interior portions of whole muscles. One research study reported that 3 to 4% of surface bacteria are transferred into the interior of muscles but only penetrate
an average of ¼ inch deep into the surface. Even though the frequency of subprimal
surfaces being contaminated with pathogens is low, translocation of these contaminants
into the interior of subprimals by tenderization or injection procedures poses a public health risk. Microbial contamination on beef surfaces generally is eliminated during typical cooking; however, given the low infectious doses of pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, internalized contamination may survive if adequate temperatures are not reached at the center of cuts (i.e., rare and medium rare endpoints) and lead to illness. Industry groups have developed a guide, Best Practices: Pathogen Control During Tenderizing/Enhancing of Whole Muscle Cuts to minimize any hazard that may be present
with such technologies. Although needle injection enhancement currently is common in beef processing, there may be alternative, safer, or more effective means to apply these technologies. One potential method involves utilizing an air-pressured needle-free injection system similar to an instrument currently being investigated for use in vaccinating cattle. In theory,
eliminating the need for physical penetration of the muscle with a needle-free instrument using air-pressure fluid streams would reduce the translocation of surface microbial contamination to the interior and would additionally minimize carryover contamination from subprimal to subprimal during continuous injection operations. Therefore, we investigated use of needle-free injection enhancement as an alternative strategy to needle injection enhancement. Our objectives were to determine the safety and efficacy of using needle-free injection for enhancing beef muscles and the application of needle-free injection enhancement for improving beef quality
Evaluation of changes in microbial populations on beef carcasses resulting from steam pasteurization
The steam pasteurization process (SPS
400) developed by Frigoscandia Food Process Systems (Bellevue, WA) was effective in reducing
bacterial populations in both laboratory and commercial settings. The objective
of steam pasteurization and other meat decontamination
measures is to extend product
shelf life and improve safety by inhibiting or
inactivating pathogens, while at the same time
maintaining acceptable meat quality characteristics.
The effects of steam pasteurization
on beef carcass bacterial populations
were evaluated at two large commercial beef
processing facilities. A shelf-life study also
was conducted to determine the microbial
profiles of vacuum packaged beef loins from
pasteurized and non-pasteurized carcasses.
Steam pasteurization greatly reduced total
beef carcass bacterial populations and was
most effective in reducing gram negative
organisms, including potential enteric pathogens
of fecal origin. Thus, the relative percentage of gram positive microflora on beef carcass surfaces, especially Bacillus spp. and
Staphylococcus spp., increased
Microbial flora of commercially produced vacuum packaged, cooked beef roast
Commercially produced vacuum
packaged, fully cooked, microwaveable beef
roasts from four producers were purchased
from local retail markets. Salt concentration,
pH, water activity (aw), and percent moisture,
fat and protein were determined. Samples of
both package juice and homogenized beef
plus juice were analyzed for the presence of
aerobic, anaerobic and lactic acid bacteria
and clostridia-type organisms. The cooked
beef products had pH values from 5.82 to
6.19, water activity of 0.992 to 0.997, and
contained 0.34 to 1.07% salt, 61.89 to
72.39% moisture, 4.29 to 18.21% fat and
15.92 to 20.62% protein. No growth was
detected in juice for aerobic, anaerobic or
lactic acid bacteria or clostridia-type
organisms. Combined beef and juice had
less than 2 CFU/g for aerobic, anaerobic or
lactic acid bacteria or clostridia-type
organisms. Cooking and chilling schedules
used in the manufacture of the four products
we evaluated in this study limited survival
and outgrowth of microorganisms
- …