Adoption et retombées d'une nouvelle technologie de dépistage des infections à ERV en contexte hospitalier québécois

La « Polymerase Chain Reaction» (PCR) est une technologie moléculaire qui se veut performante pour détecter les entérocoques résistants à la vancomycine (ERV) en contexte hospitalier. La traduction de cette technologie dans les pratiques professionnelles des acteurs est conceptualisée comme un processus d’adaptation et d’ajustements des rôles entre la technologie et le milieu hospitalier. Par souci de mieux comprendre la traduction de la nouvelle technologie de dépistage PCR dans les pratiques professionnelles de prévention et contrôle des infections à ERV, d’apprécier son degré de performance technologique et ses implications sur la prise en charge des cas à ERV, cette étude visait trois objectifs : 1) comprendre l’implication des différents acteurs dans le processus d’adoption de la technologie; 2) comprendre les processus de changement dans les pratiques professionnelles en PCIN vécus par tous les acteurs concernés après l’adoption de la technologie; et 3) apprécier le degré de performance (sensibilité, spécificité et valeurs prédictives positives et négatives) de la technologie PCR et ses implications sur la prise en charge des cas à ERV. Une étude de cas unique en deux volets combinant des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives a été réalisée. Pour le premier volet qui couvre les deux premiers objectifs, deux sources de données qualitatives ont été privilégiées : 1) entrevues individuelles auprès de cinq groupes d’acteurs impliqués dans l’adoption et l’implantation de la PCR-ERV (n = 28); 2) sources documentaires (n = 33). Une analyse de contenu a été menée. Pour le second volet qui couvre le troisième objectif, des résultats microbiologiques issus des bases de données de laboratoire des trois installations de l’établissement à l’étude sur les cas ERV dépistés par PCR et par culture ont été recueillis. Des analyses descriptives statistiques ont été effectuées afin d’évaluer les quatre indicateurs de performance de la PCR par rapport à la technique de référence, soit la culture pour la détection des ERV. Des données qualitatives provenant des entrevues et des sources documentaires mobilisées pour le premier volet ont permis de contextualiser ces résultats. Une triangulation des inférences qualitatives et quantitatives a été réalisée explicitant l’implication de la PCR sur la prise en charge des cas à ERV. Les résultats de notre étude révèlent que la traduction d’une technologie dans les pratiques, particulièrement dans le contexte de la PCIN, est le résultat de cinq dimensions interdépendantes : 1) l’implication d’un réseau d’acteurs plus large; 2) l’évaluation de la technologie et des pratiques entourant sa mise en œuvre utilisée comme stratégie d’intéressement; 3) les ajustements des rôles et responsabilités; 4) les mécanismes de communication / collaboration / interaction; et 5) la préparation au changement. Outre la compréhension profonde du processus de traduction de la PCR-ERV dans les pratiques professionnelles, nos résultats révèlent que la PCR-ERV représente un outil complémentaire de prévention et contrôle important à l’échelle d’un établissement. En dépit de ses limites de détection des cas à ERV vrais positifs, la PCR-ERV représente un intérêt pour sa capacité à améliorer la prise en charge des vrais négatifs en réduisant la mise en place des mesures de prévention et contrôle non requises. La PCR-ERV s’est montrée aussi prometteuse en complément à la culture permettant ainsi une prise en charge requise et dans les meilleurs délais des cas suspects et des contacts étroits. En conclusion, la nouvelle technologie adoptée comme une solution à la problématique des éclosions à ERV, avec ses implications sur la prise en charge des cas à ERV, a modulé les activités quotidiennes de nombreux acteurs afin de gérer le problème récurrent des infections à ERV dans l’établissement en question. Mots clés : Adoption, traduction, Translating infection prevention into practice – Théorie de l’acteur-réseau (TRIP-TAR), technologie de dépistage, infections nosocomiales, étude de cas, performance.The translating technology, the "Polymerase chain reaction" (PCR), a molecular technology promising performance in the detection of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) bacteria, is conceptualized as an adaptation process and adjustment of roles as well between the technology and the hospital setting. For the sake of better understanding the translation of PCR in infection prevention and control (IPC) professional practices and to assess the technology performance and its outcomes on VRE , three objectives were defined: 1) understand who was involved in the adoption process of the PCR technology; 2) understand the changes in IPC professionnal practices experienced by a network of actors; and 3) assess the performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values) of PCR and its implication on the management of VRE cases. A single case study in two parts combining qualitative and quantitative methods was conducted. For the first part, which covers the first two objectives, the complete dataset comprised semi-structured interviews with five groups of actors involved in the adoption and implementation of PCR-VRE (n = 28) and a review of hospital and external documents (n = 33). A content analysis was performed. As for the second part, which covers the third objective, the complete dataset comprised administrative data extraction on VRE cases detected by PCR and culture from January 2012 to October 2013 in the laboratories of the three settings being studied. Descriptive statistical analyzes were performed to document the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the PCR in detecting VRE cases in comparison to the gold standard technique – the culture. Qualitative data from interviews and documents used for the first part allowed the contextualisation of these results. A triangulation of qualitative and quantitative inferences was performed explaining the implication of PCR on the management of VRE cases. Our findings showed that translating technology into practices, especially in the context of IPC depend on five interrelated dimensions, including: 1) the involvement of a wider actor-network, 2) evaluation used as an interessment strategy, 3) adjustments of roles and responsibilities, 4) improvement of communication / collaboration / interaction mechanisms, and 5) the preparation to change. In addition to a better understanding of a whole process, our findings highligthed that the PCR is an important complementary measure to consider in detecting VRE cases. Despite its limits in detecting true positive VRE cases, PCR is of interest for its performance in detecting and handling of true negative VRE cases by reducing the implementation of unnecessary prevention and control measures. PCR-VRE has been as promising in complement to the culture technique enabling a useful and prompt detection of suspects and close contacts. The PCR technology adopted as an innovative solution to the problem of VRE outbreaks, with its implications on the management of VRE cases, has modulated the practices of many actors in order to manage the recurrent problem of VRE in the health care orgnisation being studied. Key words: Adoption, translation, Translating infection prevention into practice – Actor-network theory (TRIP-ANT), nosocomial infections, screening technology, case study, performance

Association between the timing of pre-workout macronutrient intake and rated appetite among resistance-trained adults in Jbeil, Lebanon

Macronutrients play an important role in appetite regulation. In addition, adequate nutrient and energy intake, which may be altered by exercise-induced appetite fluctuations, is required to ensure important training outcomes. However, findings regarding appetite responses to macronutrient consumption before training and to different resistance training intensities remain inconclusive. This study investigated the association of three types of macronutrient intake before different intensities of resistance training with appetite. A purposive cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 280 resistance-trained individuals (mean age 26.4 ± 5.8 years) representing five gyms located in Jbeil, Lebanon, and who completed an online questionnaire. Data collected included socio-demographics, nutritional strategies followed by each respondent, training characteristics, and appetite rating before, during and after exercise using a validated visual analogue scale (VAS). A short-term suppression of appetite was reported during resistance-training, with no significant difference in exercise intensities (p > 0.05). In addition, low-fiber carbohydrate and protein food/beverage content consumed 30–60 min before training had an advantage in appetite suppression. In summary, these findings suggest that resistance training combined with pre-workout consumption of a whole meal was associated with appetite suppression, at least during the short period of exercise. From the perspective of appetite control and energy balance, the critical factor is the quantity and quality of macronutrient food sources, in addition to the timing surrounding training of nutrients ingested

Infant-feeding patterns and the effects of early introduction to formula and solid foods on childhood overweight or obesity among 10-years-olds in a low socioeconomic area of Lebanon : an exploratory analysis

In Lebanon, there has been an alarming increase in childhood overweight and obesity. In addition, most mothers do not meet the WHO recommendation that infants should be introduced to formula or solids only during the second half of their first year. Because the study population, Burj Hammoud, which is a low socioeconomic district, is small, we performed an exploratory analysis of infant feeding patterns and the effects of introducing formula and solids within six months, respectively, on childhood overweight/obesity among 10-year-old children. A total of 101 mothers were recruited from seven intercommunity dispensaries located across the district. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. There were 86.1% infants initiating breastfeeding, 18% exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months of age, 67.1% and 52.6% starting formula and solids by 6 months, respectively, and 53.5% becoming overweight/obese by the age of 10 years. Working mothers were significantly less likely to introduce formula but not solids within the first six months of infancy. Based on two case-control studies, after controlling for maternal employment, there were 2.278- and 1.511-fold significantly higher odds of introducing solids and formula before the age of 6 months compared with after the age of 6 months, respectively, for the overweight/obese individuals among 10-year-olds. Future research should focus on conducting a larger study by incorporating other low socioeconomic regions to confirm these relationships

Development and Content Validation of a Transcultural Instrument to Assess Organizational Readiness for Knowledge Translation in Healthcare Organizations: The OR4KT

Background Implementing effective interventions in healthcare requires organizations to be ready to support change. This study aimed to develop, adapt transculturally, and assess the content and face validity of the Organizational Readiness for Knowledge Translation (OR4KT) tool. The OR4KT was designed to measure the readiness of healthcare organizations to implement evidence-informed change across a variety of services. Methods Based on systematic reviews of the literature, a Delphi exercise, and expert consultation, we first generated an initial pool of items. Second, we developed and assessed content validity of the pilot OR4KT questionnaire in English. Third, we created French and Spanish versions using a sequential forward and backward translation approach, and transcultural adaptation by a consensus process. Finally, we conducted pilot studies in three contexts – the Basque country region (Spain), and the provinces of Québec and Ontario (Canada) – where 30 experts assessed the face validity of the three versions of OR4KT. Results We selected 59 items, grouped in 6 dimensions (organizational climate, context, change content, leadership, organizational support, and motivation) for the final English version of OR4KT. Translation and transcultural adaptation did not identify any content or language problems. Our findings indicate that the English, French and Spanish versions of OR4KT are linguistically equivalents and have high face validity. Only minor revisions to the wording of some items were recommended. Conclusion The OR4KT holds promise as a measure of readiness for knowledge translation (KT) in healthcare organizations. The validity and reliability of the three versions of the OR4KT will be assessed in real-life contexts of implementation of evidence-based changes in healthcare

Development and Content Validation of a Transcultural Instrument to Assess Organizational Readiness for Knowledge Translation in Healthcare Organizations: The OR4KT

Abstract Background: Implementing effective interventions in healthcare requires organizations to be ready to support change. This study aimed to develop, adapt transculturally, and assess the content and face validity of the Organizational Readiness for Knowledge Translation (OR4KT) tool. The OR4KT was designed to measure the readiness of healthcare organizations to implement evidence-informed change across a variety of services. Methods: Based on systematic reviews of the literature, a Delphi exercise, and expert consultation, we first generated an initial pool of items. Second, we developed and assessed content validity of the pilot OR4KT questionnaire in English. Third, we created French and Spanish versions using a sequential forward and backward translation approach, and transcultural adaptation by a consensus process. Finally, we conducted pilot studies in three contexts – the Basque country region (Spain), and the provinces of Québec and Ontario (Canada) – where 30 experts assessed the face validity of the three versions of OR4KT. Results: We selected 59 items, grouped in 6 dimensions (organizational climate, context, change content, leadership, organizational support, and motivation) for the final English version of OR4KT. Translation and transcultural adaptation did not identify any content or language problems. Our findings indicate that the English, French and Spanish versions of OR4KT are linguistically equivalents and have high face validity. Only minor revisions to the wording of some items were recommended. Conclusion: The OR4KT holds promise as a measure of readiness for knowledge translation (KT) in healthcare organizations. The validity and reliability of the three versions of the OR4KT will be assessed in real-life contexts of implementation of evidence-based changes in healthcare

How Can Health Systems Better Prepare for the Next Pandemic? Lessons Learned From the Management of COVID-19 in Quebec (Canada)

The magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic challenged societies around our globalized world. To contain the spread of the virus, unprecedented and drastic measures and policies were put in place by governments to manage an exceptional health care situation while maintaining other essential services. The responses of many governments showed a lack of preparedness to face this systemic and global health crisis. Drawing on field observations and available data on the first wave of the pandemic (mid-March to mid-May 2020) in Quebec (Canada), this article reviewed and discussed the successes and failures that characterized the management of COVID-19 in this province. Using the framework of Palagyi et al. on system preparedness toward emerging infectious diseases, we described and analyzed in a chronologically and narratively way: (1) how surveillance was structured; (2) how workforce issues were managed; (3) what infrastructures and medical supplies were made available; (4) what communication mechanisms were put in place; (5) what form of governance emerged; and (6) whether trust was established and maintained throughout the crisis. Our findings and observations stress that resilience and ability to adequately respond to a systemic and global crisis depend upon preexisting system-level characteristics and capacities at both the provincial and federal governance levels. By providing recommendations for policy and practice from a learning health system perspective, this paper contributes to the groundwork required for interdisciplinary research and genuine policy discussions to help health systems better prepare for future pandemics

Caffeine improves work durability and physical performance in anaerobic exercises among active adults in Tripoli Lebanon

Background: People worldwide have a high intake of caffeine. Active adults are among the group of people who have always been interested in caffeine as an ergogenic aid. This study aims at examining the association between caffeine consumption and perceived performance (aerobic and anaerobic exercises) among active people attending different gyms in Tripoli, Lebanon. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 206 participants attending seven gyms in Tripoli. Participants were recruited using simple random sampling for a face-to-face individual interview. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data have been coded, entered, and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The prevalence rate of active people practicing both aerobic and anaerobic exercises is 63.6%. More than half of our sample (54.8%) has been working out for a duration of more than 6 months and 84.6% of respondents spend at least 30 min during their workouts. Caffeine consumption was popular in our sample with 92.2% indicating that they use caffeinated products. The findings of this study showed an association between anaerobic exercise and caffeine, perceived as physical performance enhancer and work durability enhancer. Yet no association was found between aerobic exercise and caffeine consumption. Conclusions: Perhaps, future research could focus on the safe doses of caffeine that could be given for anaerobic exercises to have an ergogenic effect. This could help us to build scientific guidelines for caffeine’s association with sports performance

Association between the Timing of Pre-Workout Macronutrient Intake and Rated Appetite among Resistance-Trained Adults in Jbeil, Lebanon

Macronutrients play an important role in appetite regulation. In addition, adequate nutrient and energy intake, which may be altered by exercise-induced appetite fluctuations, is required to ensure important training outcomes. However, findings regarding appetite responses to macronutrient consumption before training and to different resistance training intensities remain inconclusive. This study investigated the association of three types of macronutrient intake before different intensities of resistance training with appetite. A purposive cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 280 resistance-trained individuals (mean age 26.4 ± 5.8 years) representing five gyms located in Jbeil, Lebanon, and who completed an online questionnaire. Data collected included socio-demographics, nutritional strategies followed by each respondent, training characteristics, and appetite rating before, during and after exercise using a validated visual analogue scale (VAS). A short-term suppression of appetite was reported during resistance-training, with no significant difference in exercise intensities (p > 0.05). In addition, low-fiber carbohydrate and protein food/beverage content consumed 30–60 min before training had an advantage in appetite suppression. In summary, these findings suggest that resistance training combined with pre-workout consumption of a whole meal was associated with appetite suppression, at least during the short period of exercise. From the perspective of appetite control and energy balance, the critical factor is the quantity and quality of macronutrient food sources, in addition to the timing surrounding training of nutrients ingested