Bifurcation Analysis of Zellner's Marshallain Macroeconomic Model

The Marshallian Macroeconomic Model in Zellner and Israilevich (2005) provides a novel way to examine sectoral dynamics through the introduction of a dynamic entry/exit equation in addition to the usual demand and supply functions found in models of this class. In this paper we examine the possibility of cyclical behavior in the Marshallian Macroeconomic Model and investigate the existence of a Hopf bifurcation with respect to the parameter in the entry/exit equation.Marshallian Macroeconomic Model; Dynamic Entry/Exit; Hopf Bifurcation; Limit Cycles

Revolutionary Advancements in Fast Dissolving Tablets: An In-Depth Exploration

A novel drug delivery system plays a pivotal role in enhancing patient adherence to medication regimens. Among these innovative approaches, fast dissolving tablets (FDT’s) stand out as a particularly promising option. FDT’s offer a range of benefits, including precise dosing, ease of transport, streamlined manufacturing, robust physical and chemical stability, and they serve as an excellent alternative for both paediatric and geriatric patients. The formulation of FDT’s harnesses the advantages of both liquid and conventional tablet formulations, while also surpassing the merits of traditional dosage forms. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the advantages and limitations of FDT’s, the imperative need for their formulation, key formulation factors, the role of excipients, methodology, and critical evaluation parameters

STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION AND PROCESS VARIABLES ON ENTRAPMENT EFFICIENCY AND PARTICLE SIZE OF FLOATING MICRO BALLOONS OF DIPYRIDAMOLE BY DOE

Objective: In the current research work, dipyridamole, a BCS class–II drug, was aimed to be formulated as floating controlled release microballoons using ethyl cellulose as polymer and span 80 as surfactant to improve the gastric retention of drug as the multi-particulate dosage forms have tremendous advantages over single unit dosage forms. Methods: Microballoons were prepared by the emulsion solvent evaporation method. Prepared microballoons were characterized for entrapment efficiency, particle size, floating behavior and drug release studies. The study of effect of various formulation and process parameters like surfactant concentration, solvent volume, the volume of internal phase, polymer concentration, rotation speed on the drug entrapment efficiency and particle size of the microballoons were carried by using Box–Benhken to optimize the formulated microballoons. Results: The smallest particle size of the microballoons was found to be 205.9 µm in the F32 formulation. The highest drug entrapment efficiency was found to be 93.4% in the F34 formulation. Buoyancy studies showed all the formulations have good floating characteristics that lasted for a minimum of 24 h. The maximum yield of microballoons was found in the F7 formulation with 91.8% yield. The final results were statistically treated using ANOVA and were found to be significant (p value<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, the obtained results and their statistical interpretations indicated floating microballoons of dipyridamole were formulated effectively

BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY FLOATING MICROBALLOONS OF DIPYRIDAMOLE AND CLOPIDOGREL: IN VIVO PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY

Objective: In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of clopidogrel and dipyridamole floating microballoons to check their bioavailability enhancement. Methods: The bioanalytical method development was carried by using HPLC with column Poroshell 120 EC-C 18; 4.6x100 mm. The in vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed in Wistar male rats and the obtained data from the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using PK Solver software. Results: The developed bioanalytical method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 1-100 ng/ml for clopidogrel bisulfate and 0.02-4µg/ml for dipyridamole with correlation coefficient of 0.9993 and 0.9987 respectively. The study results showed that the method was simple, linear, accurate and precise. The in vivo studies indicated that the AUC was found to be increased by 33.3% and 154.5% for clopidogrel and dipyridamole micro balloons, respectively, when compared to their pure drugs. Conclusion: The bioanalytical methods development and their validation parameters indicated that the methods are accurate, precise and linear in the studied range of concentrations. In vivo test results infer to the effective, sustained release of both the drugs when formulated as micro balloons and increase in the absorption, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of the drugs. The pharmacokinetic studies also confirmed the increase in the mean residence time of the drugs when formulated as floating microballoons

Limits to Environmental Bonds: Lessons from the Labor Literature

Bonds have recently been promoted as an alternative tool for controlling environmental damages, particularly in those instances when the innovative activities of a firm have uncertain future impacts [Costanza and Perrings (1990)]. Under this mechanism, a firm would post a bond ex ante, forfeiting the bond if its activities caused harm to environmental resources. While the benefits of bonds have been developed, there has been little systematic effort to explore their limitations. The labor literature, on the other hand, has extensively studied the limits of bonds as a mechanism for preventing worker shirking. Using the insights found for this parallel problem, this paper explores the limits to environmental bonds, focusing on the problems of moral hazard, liquidity constraints, and legal restrictions. Each limit offers a challenge to the success of environmental bonds. We explore the use of bonds to resolve agricultural nonpoint source pollution problems as a motivating example. We also consider how other incentive schemes suggested by the labor literature might prove useful in the context of environmental management. Specifically, we consider the labor mechanisms of efficiency wages, increasing wage profiles, trust funds, and rank-order tournaments