La coerción sexual en las relaciones de los y las adolescentes y jóvenes: naturaleza del problema y estrategias de intervención

La coerción sexual entre los adolescentes, se ha convertido en un importante problema en nuestra sociedad, tanto por su amplitud como por las consecuencias que a menudo de ella se derivan. Sin duda, como profesionales de la Psicología y la Educación hemos de intentar ofrecer respuestas eficaces a esta situación, y una de las prioritarias es el desarrollo de programas de prevención que reduzcan su incidencia. En este trabajo nos acercamos a la problemática de la coerción sexual en la adolescencia con el objeto de contribuir a su prevención. De este modo analizamos los factores de riesgo asociados, tanto a la perpetración de la coerción, como a la victimización, para posteriormente plantear, en función de ello, cuáles podrían ser los aspectos más relevantes a trabajar en un programa de prevención en el contexto educativo.Sexual coercion among adolescents has becoming an important problem in our society, because of its high prevalence, as well as the negative consequences that this phenomenon can cause; for this reason, psychologists and educators must try to offer effective responses to this situation. In this sense, one of the most important objectives in this field is to develop preventive programs to decrease its incidence. In this paper, we seek to approach to the understanding of sexual coercion among youths in order to contribute to its prevention. With this aim, in this work we analyze some risk factors associated to the perpetration of sexual coercion as well as episodes of sexual victimization, and before that we speak about key points that should be taken into account to design preventive programs for educational contexts

Effect of the non-stationarity of rainfall events on the design of hydraulic structures for runoff management and its applications to a case study at Gordo Creek watershed in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

The 24-h maximum rainfall (P 24h-max ) observations recorded at the synoptic weather station of Rafael Núñez airport (Cartagena de Indias, Colombia) were analyzed, and a linear increasing trend over time was identified. It was also noticed that the occurrence of the rainfall value (over the years of record) for a return period of 10 years under stationary conditions (148.1 mm) increased, which evidences a change in rainfall patterns. In these cases, the typical stationary frequency analysis is unable to capture such a change. So, in order to further evaluate rainfall observations, frequency analyses of P 24h-max for stationary and non-stationary conditions were carried out (by using the generalized extreme value distribution). The goodness-of-fit test of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), with values of 753.3721 and 747.5103 for stationary and non-stationary conditions respectively, showed that the latter best depicts the increasing rainfall pattern. Values of rainfall were later estimated for different return periods (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years) to quantify the increase (non-stationary versus stationary condition), which ranged 6% to 12% for return periods from 5 years to 100 years, and 44% for a 2-year return period. The effect of these findings were tested in the Gordo creek watershed by first calculating the resulting direct surface runoff (DSR) for various return periods, and then modeling the hydraulic behavior of the downstream area (composed of a 178.5-m creek's reach and an existing box-culvert located at the watershed outlet) that undergoes flooding events every year. The resulting DSR increase oscillated between 8% and 19% for return periods from 5 to 100 years, and 77% for a 2-year return period when the non-stationary and stationary scenarios were compared. The results of this study shed light upon to the precautions that designers should take when selecting a design, based upon rainfall observed, as it may result in an underestimation of both the direct surface runoff and the size of the hydraulic structures for runoff and flood management throughout the city. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license

Water and heat balances in Doñana wetlands

[EN] This paper presents the main results of the study of water balance and surface heat balance in the Doñana marshlands. The study was based on a broad base of hydrometeorological data taken at 10 minute intervals from 2006 to 2011 by a network of six measuring stations located in areas of vegetation-free marsh. This information is used to characterize, at different time scales, the thermal behavior of the marsh by analyzing its hydrometeorology centering on the surface heat fluxes. Thus, we have modeled and analyzed the heat flux between the water and flooded soil and the processes of heat transfer between the water surface and the atmosphere. Special attention has been paid to evaporation, on which the marsh draining process depends[ES] Este trabajo expone los principales resultados del estudio de los balances hídrico y térmico de la marisma de Doñana. El estudio se ha basado en una amplia base de datos hidrometeorológicos tomados a intervalos de 10 minutos entre los años 2006 y 2011 por una red de seis estaciones de medida localizadas en áreas no vegetadas de la marisma. Esta información ha permitido caracterizar, a diferente escala temporal, el comportamiento térmico de la marisma mediante la modelización y análisis de los flujos de calor entre el agua y el suelo inundado, así como los procesos de transferencia de calor entre la superficie libre del agua y la atmósfera. Se ha puesto especial atención en la cuantificación de la evaporación, de la que depende en gran medida el proceso de vaciado de la marisma.Los autores agradecen la asistencia del Espacio Natural Doñana y de la Estación Biológica de Doñana en la instalación y mantenimiento de la instrumentación de medida, labores esenciales realizadas por D. Ninyerola y J. Rabadà (Flumen, UPCCINME). Este estudio ha contado con la financiación de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir, de un convenio con la Empresa de Gestión Ambiental (EGMASA) adscrita a la Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía, de la acción complementaria CMT2007-30881-E/TECNO del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, y del contrato GOCE-CT-2006-037081 del programa FP6 de la Unión Europea. Uno de los autores (ARF) contó con una beca FPI del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.Este estudio ha contado con la financiación de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir, de un convenio con la Empresa de Gestión Ambiental (EGMASA) adscrita a la Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía, de la acción complementaria CMT2007-30881-E/TECNO del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, y del contrato GOCE-CT-2006-037081 del programa FP6 de la Unión Europea. Uno de los autores (ARF) contó con una beca FPI del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.Ramos-Fuertes, A.; Prats, J.; Dolz, J. (2016). Balances de agua y calor en la marisma de Doñana. Ingeniería del Agua. 20(4):169-179. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2016.4720SWORD169179204Aragonés, D., Díaz-Delgado, R., Bustamante, J. (2005). Tratamiento de una serie temporal larga de imágenes Landsat para la cartografía de la inundación histórica de las marismas de Doñana. XI Congreso Nacional de Teledetección, 21-23 Septiembre, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, España.Arya, S. (2001). Introduction to micrometeorology. (2ª ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA.Bayán, B.J., Dolz, J. (1995). Las aguas superficiales del Parque Nacional de Doñana. Revista de Obras Públicas, 142(3340), 17-29.Bladé, E., Cea, L., Corestein, G., Escolano, E., Puertas, J., Vázquez-Cendón, E., Dolz, J., Coll, A. (2014). Iber: herramienta de simulación numérica del flujo en ríos. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, 30(1), 1-10, doi:10.1016/j.rimni.2012.07.004Cambronero, G., De Pourq, K. (2006). Modelo Digital del Terreno de la Marisma de Doñana obtenido a partir de un vuelo láser escáner (LIDAR). Grupo de Investigación Flumen, E.T.S. d'Enginyers de Camins Canals i Ports de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, España.CICCP (Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos). (1977). Informe sobre los problemas del Parque Nacional de Doñana. Revista de Obras Públicas, 124(3142), 91-114.Custodio, E., Dolz, J., Manzano, M. (2006). Recursos de agua de la comarca de Doñana. Almonte, Huelva: Fundación Doñana 21.Dolz, J., Velasco, E. (1990). Análisis cualitativo de la hidrología superficial de las cuencas vertientes a la marisma del Parque Nacional de Doñana. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, España.Dolz, J., Bladé, E., Gili, J. (2006). Modelo numérico de la hidrodinámica de la Marisma. En: Doñana: Agua y biosfera (F. García Novo y C. Marín, eds.). Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir, Sevilla, España, 149-150.Drexler, J.Z., Snyder, R.L., Spano, D., Paw U, K.T. (2004). A review of models and micrometeorological methods used to estimate wetland evapotranspiration. Hydrological Processes, 18(11), 2071-2101, doi:10.1002/hyp.1462Junta de Andalucía. (2010). II Plan de Desarrollo Sostenible de Doñana. Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Sevilla, España.Martí-Cardona, B. (2014). Spaceborne SAR Imagery for Monitoring the Inundation in the Doñana Wetlands. Tesis doctoral. Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers de Camins, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, España.Marti-Cardona, B., Lopez-Martinez, C., Dolz-Ripolles, J., Bladè-Castellet, E. (2010). ASAR polarimetric, multi-incidence angle and multitemporal characterization of Doñana wetlands for flood extent monitoring. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(11), 2802-2815, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.06.015Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA). (2001). Documento marco para el desarrollo del Proyecto Doñana 2005: regeneración hídrica de las cuencas y cauces vertientes a las marismas del Parque Nacional de Doñana. Madrid, España.Mintegui Aguirre, J.A., Robredo Sánchez, J.C., García Viñas, J.I. (2004). Importancia de los trabajos de campo en la confección del modelo del terreno para aplicaciones en ecología. Investigación agraria. Sistemas y recursos forestales, 13(Nº Extra 1), 164-175.Prats, J., Ramos, A., Armengol, J., Dolz, J. (2011). Comparison of models for calculation of diel sediment-water heat flux from water temperatures. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 137(10), 1135-1147, doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000434Prats, J., Ramos, A., Armengol, J., Dolz, J. (2012). Discussion on "Experimental determination of soil heat storage for the simulation of heat transport in a coastal wetland." Journal of Hydrology, 466-467, 188-190, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.060Prats, J., Morales-Baquero, R., Dolz, J., Armengol, J. (2014). Aportaciones de la limnología a la gestión de embalses. Ingeniería delAgua, 18(1), 83-97. doi:10.4995/ia.2014.3145Ramos Fuertes, A. (2012). Hidrometeorología y balance térmico de la marisma de Doñana. Tesis doctoral. Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyers de Camins, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, España.Ramos-Fuertes, A., Marti-Cardona, B., Bladé, E. Dolz, J. (2014). Envisat/ASAR Images for the Calibration of Wind Drag Action in the Doñana Wetlands 2D Hydrodynamic Model. Remote Sensing, 6(1), 379-406, doi:10.3390/rs6010379Rodríguez-Ramírez, A., Clemente Salas, L. (2002). Hidrología superficial. En: Parque Nacional de Doñana. Canseco Editores, Talavera de la Reina, España, 57-68.Ruiz, F., Rodríguez-Ramírez, A., Cáceres, L.M., Rodríguez Vidal, J., Carretero, M.I., Clemente, L., Muñoz, J.M., Yañez, C., Abad, M. (2004). Late Holocene evolution of the southwestern Doñana National Park (Guadalquivir Estuary, SW Spain): a multivariate approach. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 204(1-2), 47-64, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00721-

Balances de agua y calor en la marisma de Doñana

Este trabajo expone los principales resultados del estudio de los balances hídrico y térmico de la marisma de Doñana. El estudio se ha basado en una amplia base de datos hidrometeorológicos tomados a intervalos de 10 minutos entre los años 2006 y 2011 por una red de seis estaciones de medida localizadas en áreas no vegetadas de la marisma. Esta información ha permitido caracterizar, a diferente escala temporal, el comportamiento térmico de la marisma mediante la modelización y análisis de los flujos de calor entre el agua y el suelo inundado, así como los procesos de transferencia de calor entre la superficie libre del agua y la atmósfera. Se ha puesto especial atención en la cuantificación de la evaporación, de la que depende en gran medida el proceso de vaciado de la marisma

Different Experimental and Numerical Models to Analyse Emptying Processes in Pressurised Pipes with Trapped Air

In hydraulic engineering, some researchers have developed different mathematical and numerical tools for a better understanding of the physical interaction between water flow in pipes with trapped air during emptying processes, where they have made contributions on the use of simple and complex models in different application cases. In this article, a comparative study of different experimental and numerical models existing in the literature for the analysis of trapped air in pressurised pipelines subjected to different scenarios of emptying processes is presented, where different authors have develope, experimental, one-dimensional mathematical and complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models (two-dimensional and three-dimensional) to understand the level of applicability of these models in different hydraulic scenarios, from the physical and computational point of view. In general, experimental, mathematical and CFD models had maximum Reynolds numbers ranging from 2670 to 20,467, and it was possible to identify that the mathematical models offered relevant numerical information in a short simulation time on the order of seconds. However, there are restrictions to visualise some complex hydraulic and thermodynamic phenomena that CFD models are able to illustrate in detail with a numerical resolution similar to the mathematical models, and these require simulation times of hours or days. From this research, it was concluded that the knowledge of the information offered by the different models can be useful to hydraulic engineers to identify physical and numerical elements present in the air–water interaction and computational conditions necessary for the development of models that help decision-making in the field of hydraulics of pressurised pipelines

Rapid Filling Analysis with an Entrapped Air Pocket in Water Pipelines Using a 3D CFD Model

A filling operation generates continuous changes over the shape of an air–water interface, which can be captured using a 3D CFD model. This research analyses the influence of different hydro-pneumatic tank pressures and air pocket sizes as initial conditions for studying rapid filling operations in a 7.6 m long PVC pipeline with an irregular profile, using the OpenFOAM software. The analysed scenarios were validated using experimental measurements, where the 3D CFD model was suitable for simulating them. In addition, a mesh sensitivity analysis was performed. Air pocket pressure patterns, water velocity oscillations, and the different shapes of the air–water interface were analysed

Three-dimensional analysis of air-admission orifices in pipelines during hydraulic drainage events

[EN] Air valves operate as protection devices in pipelines during drainage processes in order to mitigate vacuum pressures and control the transient flows. Currently, different authors have proposed one-dimensional models to predict the behaviour of orifices during filling and draining events, which offer good numerical results. However, the three-dimensional dynamic behaviour of air-admission orifices during drainage processes has not been studied in depth in the literature. In this research, the effects of air inflow on an orifice installed in a single pipe during drainage events are analysed using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model by testing orifices with diameters of 1.5 and 3.0 mm. This model was validated with different experimental measurements associated to the vacuum pressure, obtaining good fits. The three-dimensional model predicts additional information associated to the aerodynamic effects that occur during the air-admission processes, which is studied. Subsonic flows are observed in different orifices with Mach numbers between 0.18 and 0.30. In addition, it is shown that the larger-diameter orifice ensures a more effective airflow control compared to the smaller-diameter orifice.This research was funded by grant No. INV03CI2214 of the Universidad Tecnologica de Bolivar.Paternina-Verona, DA.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Espinoza-Román, HG.; Besharat, M.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Ramos, HM. (2022). Three-dimensional analysis of air-admission orifices in pipelines during hydraulic drainage events. Sustainability. 14(21):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114600114142

¿Adelantan el diagnóstico de la diabetes tipo 2 los nuevos criterios de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes?

ObjetivoAnalizar el intervalo temporal entre la primera hiperglucemia basal ocasional (HBO) y el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) al aplicar los criterios de la OMS y de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA).DiseñoEstudio observacional, retrospectivo. Ámbito del estudio. Centro de atención primaria urbano.SujetosUn total de 104 pacientes con DM2, diagnosticados entre 1991 y 1995, con antecedentes de HBO.Mediciones o intervencionesEdad, género y otros factores de riesgo, fechas de la primera HBO (glucemia basal 3 110 mg/dl), del diagnóstico según criterios OMS (2 glucemias basales 3 140 mg/dl o 3 200 mg/dl a las 2 horas de la sobrecarga oral de glucosa [SOG]) y aplicando criterios ADA (2 glucemias basales 3 126 mg/dl) y los intervalos en meses entre ellas.ResultadosDe los 222 pacientes diagnosticados, 104 (47%) presentaban antecedentes de HBO. La edad en el momento del diagnóstico fue 60,8 años (DE, 10,1), siendo un 53% mujeres. En 51 casos (49%) se realizó SOG. La mediana (rango) del intervalo entre la primera HBO y el diagnóstico fue de 16 meses (0–101) en los que se realizó la SOG y de 45 (1–104) en los que no se practicó (p = 0,003). En estos últimos, los criterios ADA lo redujeron a 31 meses (0–97) (p < 0,001) y en 27 de ellos que no cumplían ambos criterios a la vez el intervalo fue de sólo 10 meses (0–93) (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. La no realización de la SOG comporta un retraso en el diagnóstico que puede ser contrarrestado con la aplicación de los criterios de la ADA.ObjectiveTo analyze the period of time between the first occasional fasting hyperglycaemia (OFH) and the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria or the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria.DesignRetrospective, observational study.SettingUrban primary care centre.Subjects104 patients with DM2 diagnosed between 1991 and 1995 who had a previous OFH.MeasurementsAge, gender and other risk factors, dates of the first OFH (fasting plasma glucose 3 110 mg/dl), the diagnosis according to WHO criteria (2 fasting plasma glucose 3 140 mg/dl or 3 200 mg/dl two hours after the oral glucose test tolerance (OGTT)) or with the ADA criteria (2 fasting plasma glucose 3 126 mg/dl), and the intervals in months between them.ResultsOf the 222 diagnosed patients, 104 (47%) had previous OFH. Age at diagnosis was 60.8 (SD 10.1) and 53% were women. OGTT was performed in 51 cases (49%). The median (range) of the interval between the first OFH and diagnosis was 16 months (0–101) for those who were undertaken an OGTT, and 45 months (1–104) for those who were not (p = 0.003). In these last ones, ADA criteria reduced the interval to 31 months (0–97) (p < 0.001). In 27 of these patients who did not satisfy both criteria at the same time, ADA criteria reduced the interval to 10 months (0–93) (p < 0.001).ConclusionsNot performing the OGTT means a delay in diagnosis which can be countered by applying the ADA criteria

Effects of orifice sizes for uncontrolled filling processes in water pipelines

The sizing of air valves during the air expulsion phase in rapid filling processes is crucial for design purposes. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the behaviour of air valves during filling processes for air expulsion, utilising 1D and 2D schemes. These transient events involve the presence of two fluids with different properties and behaviours (water and air). The effect of air valves under scenarios of controlled filling processes has been studied by various authors; however, the analysis of uncontrolled filling processes using air valves has not yet been considered. In this scenario, water columns reach high velocities, causing part of them to close air valves, which generates an additional peak in air pocket pressure patterns. In this research, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model is developed in OpenFOAM software to simulate the studied situations

Effects of Orifice Sizes for Uncontrolled Filling Processes in Water Pipelines

[EN] The sizing of air valves during the air expulsion phase in rapid filling processes is crucial for design purposes. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the behaviour of air valves during filling processes for air expulsion, utilising 1D and 2D schemes. These transient events involve the presence of two fluids with different properties and behaviours (water and air). The effect of air valves under scenarios of controlled filling processes has been studied by various authors; however, the analysis of uncontrolled filling processes using air valves has not yet been considered. In this scenario, water columns reach high velocities, causing part of them to close air valves, which generates an additional peak in air pocket pressure patterns. In this research, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model is developed in OpenFOAM software to simulate the studied situations.Aguirre-Mendoza, AM.; Paternina-Verona, DA.; Oyuela, S.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Besharat, M.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS.; Iglesias Rey, PL.... (2022). Effects of Orifice Sizes for Uncontrolled Filling Processes in Water Pipelines. Water. 14(6):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/w1406088811114