Eletroforese de isoenzimas de plântulas na identificação de espécies de Brachiaria

Lotes de sementes de braquiária comercializados no Brasil vem apresentando contaminações com sementes de outras espécies pertencentes ao mesmo gênero. Deste modo, uma das espécies de braquiária atuaria como planta infestante da outra no agroecossistema e a erradicação da espécie infestante seria dificultada pela agressividade característica do gênero e pela falta de seletividade dos herbicidas disponíveis no mercado. Esses fatores ressaltam a importância da comercialização e utilização de lotes de sementes isento de sementes de outras espécies e a utilização de metodologias precisas de identificação das principais espécies de braquiária no controle de qualidade das empresas produtoras de sementes. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o potencial discriminante da técnica de eletroforese, utilizando quatro sistemas enzimáticos presentes em plântulas de quatro espécies do gênero Brachiaria, quer sejam B. brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. humidicola cv. comercial e B. plantaginea. Foram realizadas análises de eletroforese de isoenzimas testando-se 50 indivíduos de cada espécie por tratamento, utilizando-se coleóptilos de plântulas obtidas a partir de sementes germinadas a 30°C, no escuro. Para a eletroforese foi utilizado como meio suporte géis de poliacrilamida, nas concentrações de 7,0 e 7,5%. As isoenzimas Glutamato desidrogenase e Glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, embora eficientes na diferenciação entre B. plantaginea e B. humidicola e entre as sementes dessas espécies e as de B. brizantha ou B. decumbens, não se mostraram capazes de diferenciar as sementes destas duas últimas espécies. Entretanto, as izoenzimas α- e β-esterase possibilitaram uma nítida diferenciação das quatro espécies de Brachiaria estudadas.Undesirable physical seed mixture in commercial seed lots of several Brachiaria species is a cause of growing concern in Brazil. Such a mixtures often result in the contamination of cultivated areas by species which are difficult to erradicate in conseqüence of their aggressivity and of the low selectivity of available herbicides. The obtention of contamination-free seed lots is, therefore, of great interest and so are the techniques for the precise identification of Brachiaria species, which would allow the improvement of quality control by commercial enterprises. This paper reports an attempt of evaluating the discriminatory potential of the eletrophoretic technique applied to four enzymatic systems present in seedlings of four Brachiaria species, namely, B. brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. humidicola cv. common , and B. plantaginea. Fifty coleoptiles of each species, obtained from seeds germinated in the dark at 30°C, were used in each treatment. Polyacrilylamide gels, at 7.0% and 7.5%, were used as supporting gels. The banding pattern resulted from the electrophoresis of the isozymes Glutamate dehydrogenase and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase allowed the differentiation of B. plantaginea and B. humidicola between themselves and these from B. brizantha and B decumbens, but not the differention between the later species. However, when the isozymes α- and β-esterase were used, a clear distinction of the four species studied was possible

Randomized controlled clinical trial of ketoanalogues supplementation in dogs with chronic kidney disease

ABSTRACT: The objective was to verify the effectiveness of ketoanalogues in dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) stage 3. Controlled randomized clinical trial was performed with twenty dogs with CKD stage 3. Animals were subjected to: Group 1 (control): conventional therapy (CT) for CKD; Group 2: CT and 60mg/kg, OA, q48h of keto-supplementa; Group 3, CT and 60mg/kg, OA, q24h of keto-supplementa; and Group 4, CT and 120mg/kg, OA, q12h of keto-supplementa. All dogs received canine renal diet. Animals were evaluated at the beginning of therapy and after 15 and 30 days. Complete blood count (CBC), serum urea, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and sodium and urine protein/creatinine (UPC) ratio were analyzed. The use of ketoanalogues in dogs with CKD stage 3 during the period of 30 days showed no efficacy, in any of the studies dosages, to improve signs and symptoms of the disease, improve the values of CBC, reduce serum urea and creatinine, normalize electrolytes or reduce UPC. It is concluded that the use of ketoanalogues does not impact the clinical outcomes in dogs with CKD stage 3

Evaluation of neonatal vitality and blood glucose, lactate and cortisol concentrations in foals of the Paint Horse breed

ABSTRACT: Clinical evaluations of newborns, as well as defining the therapeutic decision, represent significant challenges to the veterinarian. This study aimed to evaluate neonatal vitality using the modified Apgar score and blood glucose, lactate, and cortisol concentrations in newborn equines. Twenty foals of the Paint Horse breed born by normal delivery were evaluated during the first 48 hours of life. The modified Apgar score was determined at birth and 10 minutes later, with values ranging from 0 to 10. Blood samples for the laboratory tests were collected at birth and at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The mean Apgar score was significantly lower at birth than at 10 minutes (p < 0.001). Blood glucose concentrations increased significantly between birth (98.90 ± 35.97 mg/dL) and 8 hours (127.90 ± 27.15 mg/dL), stabilizing after the first 12 hours (148.95 ± 29.59 mg/dL). Serum lactate concentrations showed a significant decrease across the time points tested, with the highest value occurring at birth (5.48 ± 2.17 mmol/L) and stabilizing after 24 hours (2.76 ± 1.31 mmol/L). Cortisol concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.01) between 4 (10.46 ± 7.46 μg/dL) and 48 hours (5.21 ± 3.35 μg/dL), with the highest value occurring 4 hours after birth. The common occurrence of laboratory abnormalities in healthy newborn foals reinforces the need to conduct regular clinical examinations and to develop laboratory reference values for different breeds and ages

Adubação orgânica da batata com esterco e, ou, Crotalaria juncea: I - produtividade vegetal e estoque de nutrientes no solo em longo prazo Organic fertilization of potato with manure and, or, Crotalaria juncea: I - long term plant productivity and soil nutrient stocks

No Agreste paraibano, a batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) é importante cultura comercial, embora seja limitada pela variabilidade e escassez de chuvas e pela baixa fertilidade do solo. O esterco é a principal fonte de nutrientes utilizada para fertilização do solo, porém geralmente não é disponível em quantidade suficiente nas propriedades rurais para suprir a demanda das culturas agrícolas. Como alternativa tem sido recomendada a adubação verde com Crotalaria juncea L. Realizou-se um experimento, de 1996 a 2002, em um Neossolo Regolítico, com o objetivo de quantificar a produtividade da batata e o estoque de nutrientes no solo, após incorporações anuais de esterco e, ou, crotalária. Os tratamentos consistiram de: incorporação da crotalária (C), adição de 15 t ha-1 de esterco caprino (E), incorporação de crotalária + 7,5 t ha-1 de esterco (CE) e testemunha (T). No final do experimento, o tratamento E promoveu aumentos de 73, 45, 221 e 43 % nos teores de N total, P total, P e K extraíveis (Mehlich-1) do solo, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha. Os tratamentos C e CE aumentaram o N total do solo em 76 e 63 %, mas não aumentaram o teor dos outros nutrientes. Os acúmulos médios de massa seca, N, P e K na parte aérea da crotalária nos tratamentos, ao longo dos cinco anos, foram de 3.550, 69, 6 e 55 kg ha-1, respectivamente. As produtividades médias de tubérculos, ao longo dos cinco anos de colheita, foram de 15.204, 12.053, 11.085 e 7.926 kg ha-1 nos tratamentos CE, C, E e T, respectivamente. Apesar de a adição de 15 t ha-1 de esterco ter proporcionado os maiores aumentos nos nutrientes do solo, as maiores produtividades de tubérculos ao longo do período do estudo foram obtidas quando se combinou o plantio e a incorporação de crotalária com a adição de 7,5 t ha-1 de esterco.<br>Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important cash crop in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. However, potato productivity is limited by low soil fertility and the limited and highly variable precipitation pattern of this region. Animal manure is the main nutrient source for soil fertility amelioration, but farm manure available is usually not enough to fertilize crops. A cover crop could decrease the demand for animal manure. The characteristics of Crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.) recommend it as green manure. A field experiment was conducted from 1996 to 2002 to quantify the effects of annual organic fertilization with animal manure and/or crotalaria on potato productivity and soil nutrient stocks. Treatments consisted of: crotalaria incorporation (C), goat manure, 15 t ha-1 (E), crotalaria incorporation + goat manure, 7.5 t ha-1 (CE), and control plots (T). At the end of the study period, treatment E increased soil total N, total P and available P and K by 73, 45, 221 and 43 %, compared to the control plots. Treatments C and CE increased soil total N by 76 and 63%, but had no effect on other soil nutrients. Overall 5-year averages of crotalaria aboveground accumulation of dry matter, N, P and K were 3550, 69, 6 and 55 kg ha-1, respectively. Average potato productivities for the 5-year period were 15204, 12053, 11085, and 7926 kg ha-1, for treatments CE, C, E and T, respectively. Despite the significant increases in soil nutrient stocks as a result of the annual manure addition of 15 t ha-1, potato productivity was consistently higher in the combination of crotalaria plus 7.5 t ha-1 manure treatment