Effect of the forest productivity and timber permeability of Eucalyptus spp. in drying rate

O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do Incremento Médio Anual (IMA) e permeabilidade da madeira de diferentes clones de Eucalyptus sp. na velocidade de secagem da madeira em tora. Foram utilizados 6 clones comerciais de Eucalyptus sp. (57, 1213, 3335, 3336, GG100 e 3487), aos 9 anos de idade, provenientes de um teste clonal localizado na Fazenda Guaxupé Florestal, no município de Ubá-MG. O experimento de secagem da madeira foi instalado no Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado utilizando-se três classes de diâmetro, com e sem casca, com 2 repetições cada. Os toretes foram colocados em uma estrutura a 60 cm do chão. Determinou-se a umidade inicial dos toretes e o acompanhamento da secagem foi feito quinzenalmente através de pesagens de cada torete até o 154o dia de observação. Para a determinação da permeabilidade longitudinal da madeira ao ar, foi montado um experimento em DIC, para os 6 clones e 3 classes de diâmetro. Foram determinadas as permeabilidades do alburno para as 3 classes de diâmetro e do cerne para 2 classes de diâmetro. Foi determinada a relação cerne/alburno, a densidade básica da madeira no sentido base-topo e medula-casca, a morfologia dos poros e fibras no sentido base-topo e a composição química estrutural. Para os dados de secagem, foram ajustados modelos exponenciais para explicar o comportamento da perda de umidade e a comparação entre os tratamentos foi feita pelo teste de identidade de modelos. Os demais dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e quando estabelecidas diferenças entre eles, aplicou- se o teste Tukey em nível de 95% de significância. Concluiu-se que o IMA e, consequentemente, o diâmetro afeta diretamente o tempo de secagem, clones que apresentam toras com maiores diâmetros demandam mais tempo para secar e que a permeabilidade da madeira também afeta a secagem. Madeiras mais permeáveis secam mais rapidamente quando comparadas toras de diâmetros semelhantes. Os materiais genéticos que apresentaram menor umidade ao longo do tempo foram os 1213, 57 e GG100, respectivamente.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Mean Annual Increment (MAI) and permeability of wood of different clones of Eucalyptus sp. in the logs drying rate. It analyzed six commercial clones of Eucalyptus sp. (57, 1213, 3335, 3336, GG100 and 3487), at 9 years old, from a clonal test located at Guaxupé Florestal’s Farm, in the city of Ubá-MG. The wood drying experiment was in completely randomized design using three diameter classes, with and without bark, and two repetitions each. After measured the logs initial moisture content they were placed in a structure to 60 cm height from the ground, and the monitoring of the drying was done biweekly by weighing each log until the 154th day of observation. An experiment in completely randomized design to six clones and three diameter classes were made for determination of the longitudinal air permeability of wood. It was determined the permeabilities of sapwood in tree classes of diameter and to the heartwood in two diameter classes. In addition, it was determined the relationship between heartwood / sapwood, the wood density in the bottom-up and pitch-bark directions, morphology of the pores and fibers in the bottom-up direction and the structural chemistry composition. For drying data were fitted exponential models to explain the moisture loss behavior and the comparison between treatments was done by model identity test. Other data were submitted to analysis of variance, and when established differences between them, applied the Tukey test at 95% significance level. It follows that the MAI and hence the diameter directly affects the drying time, clones showing logs with larger diameters require longer to dry and that also the permeability affects the wood drying. More permeable timbers dry faster when comparing logs of similar diameters. Genetic materials had lower moisture over time were 1213, 57 and GG100, respectively.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

COMPARISON OF PROCEDURES FOR IMMEDIATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CHARCOAL

ABSTRACT The climate change, the quest for sustainability and the strong environmental pressures for alternatives to traditional fossil fuels have increased the interest in the search and use of renewable energy sources. Among them stands out the biomass of charcoal coming from renewable forests, widely used as a thermal reductant in the steel industry in the detriment of the use of mineral coal coke. This study aimed to compare different operating procedures of immediate chemical analysis of charcoal. Seven essays to immediate chemical analysis were compared, spread between procedures performed by Brazilian companies and laboratories, the test described by NBR 8112 and one realized with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) using the parameters of the NBR 8112. There were significant differences in the volatiles matter content and consequently in the fixed carbon contents found. The differences between the procedures and the NBR 8112 were caused by an excess burning time, a mass sample above or below the standard or inappropriate container used for burning. It observed that the TGA appraisal of the volatiles content must be carried out with a burning time equal to 2 minutes to obtain results similar to those of the NBR 8112 norm. Moreover, the ash content values were statistically identical and the particles size did not influence the differences between means

Genetic mapping and validation of QTLs associated with resistance to Calonectria leaf blight caused by Calonectria pteridis in Eucalyptus

Calonectria leaf blight (CLB) caused by Calonectria pteridis is one of the main leaf diseases in Brazilian Eucalyptus plantations in warm climates with prolonged periods of rain. The main symptoms are leaf spots followed by intense defoliation in highly susceptible plants. Exploiting the existing inter- and intraspecific variability for defoliation is the best option to control this disease. Nevertheless, nothing is known about the genetic architecture of resistance to CLB in Eucalyptus. We built microsatellite-based genetic maps for E. urophylla × E. camaldulensis (EU11 × EC06) F1 family of 89 plants. Four or five clonal replicates per individual offspring were clonally propagated, totalling 445 plants which were phenotyped for defoliation in the basal third of the branches at 30 days following controlled inoculation with a single-spore isolate. Genetic mapping was performed using a pseudo-testcross, and QTLs detected using composite interval mapping. Five QTLs were detected for resistance to CLB; of them, only one could be validated in two unrelated pedigrees, and its effect was conservatively estimated as controlling between 5 and 10 % of the phenotypic variation when the bias derived from the limited size of the mapping population was taken into account. This work provides a starting point for future studies of the genetics of resistance to CLB, and adds further evidence to the challenge of ascertaining the effects of QTLs detected in a single biparental background across unrelated families