Development Chitosan-based forward Osmosis Membranes for Emergency Drinking Water Supply

Development of forward osmosis (FO) membranes became one of the alternative methods for drinking water supply in an emergency. In this research, drinking water bags based on FO membrane  have been developed using chitosan as the basic material of membrane. The chitosan membrane used for the manufacture of drinking water bags has a thickness of 0.043 mm, 30.3% porosity, tensile strength 28.83 kgf / mm2, swelling degree 43.5% and elongation of 7.16%. Drinking water bags are made with a combination of Polypropylene Plastic (PP) and aluminum foil with FO membrane inside. This drinking water bag can be applied for brackish water purification to be energy drinking water as one of the solutions for the drinking water supply in emergencies. FO process testing is done by using variation of sugar solution as the draw solution, that are glucose, fructose, sucrose and mixture. The concentration of applied draw solution is 1, 2 and 3M within 1 hour treatment. The highest water flux was obtained in 3M sucrose solution with a flux value of 5.25 L/m2hour. The results of drinking water quality parameters  analysis  in the form of pH, Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), salinity, conductivity, heavy metals and Escherichia coli (E. coli) contents showed that the FO water produc meets drinking water quality standards based on  Indonesian government regulation of drinking water quality. FO-membrane-based drinking water bags are potentially used as an alternative solution for the energy drinking water supply in an emergency

Free Fatty Acids Purification in Biodiesel with Utilizing Rice Husk Silica

Silica particles had been successfully separated and extracted from rice husk by using solution of sodium hydroxides (NaOH) as solvent and were characterized with SEM-EDX. The data SEM-EDX showed that the extracted component of the rice husk contained 79,55% (w/w) of silica as the primary component. In order to understand the adsorption capacity of silica in removing free fatty acids (FFA) which were recognized as the contaminants in biodiesel., the profile of time dependence and silica amount in the adsorption process had been investigated in this study. The results indicated that the adsorption process showed optimum condition at 30 minutes with the free fatty acids (about 90,64%) of adsorption). Moreover, the adsorption capacity of silica to those impurities contaminated in biodiesel was proportional to the amount of adsorbent used in the experiment. Finally, biodiesel with less FFA was produced, and the FFA residues remained in the biodiesel were 0,58 mg/g

Free Fatty Acids Purification in Biodiesel with Utilizing Rice Husk Silica

Silica particles had been successfully separated and extracted from rice husk by using solution of sodium hydroxides (NaOH) as solvent and were characterized with SEM-EDX. The data SEM-EDX showed that the extracted component of the rice husk contained 79,55% (w/w) of silica as the primary component. In order to understand the adsorption capacity of silica in removing free fatty acids (FFA) which were recognized as the contaminants in biodiesel., the profile of time dependence and silica amount in the adsorption process had been investigated in this study. The results indicated that the adsorption process showed optimum condition at 30 minutes with the free fatty acids (about 90,64%) of adsorption). Moreover, the adsorption capacity of silica to those impurities contaminated in biodiesel was proportional to the amount of adsorbent used in the experiment. Finally, biodiesel with less FFA was produced, and the FFA residues remained in the biodiesel were 0,58 mg/g

Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Carmine by Tio2/activated Carbon Derived From Waste Coffee Grounds

TiO2/activated carbon derived from waste coffee grounds (TiO2/WCGAC) has been prepared by a sol gel method . Waste coffee ground was chemically activated using hydrochloric acid 0.1 M solution and modified with titanium tetraisopropoxide as TiO2 precursor. The structural features of the photocatalyst was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The XRD results showed that TiO2 is anatase and rutile phase, while FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of Ti-O groups. The specifics surface area of TiO2/WCGAC was higher than that of activated carbon derived from waste coffee grounds. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2/WGCAC has been evaluated for degradation of indigo carmine solution under UV and solar light irradiation. It was found that degradation percentage of indigo carmine under solar light was higher than that of under UV light

Mixed Matrix Membrane Adsorbers for Glycerol Removal in Biodiesel

Mixed matrixmembrane (MMM) adsorbers systems function as short and wide chromatographic columns in which the adsorptive packing consists of one or more micro-porous membranes. This study reports the use of membrane adsorbers for glycerol capturing and removing in crude biodiesel. The MMM are prepared by a wet phase inversion method. Magnesol were incorporated as active sites in the membrane. Matrix support of the membrane was prepared from chitosan.The optimum compositions of the adsorptive membranes were 3 % chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34 % and swelling degree was 52 %. The membrane clean water flux was 225 Lm-2h-1 at a trans-membrane pressure of 2.5 bar. The adsorptive membrane has been demonstrated to reduce the concentration of total glycerol in crude biodiesel. The amount of glycerol in biodiesel can be reduced 69.93 % in 60 minute which is agreed to value of SNI quality standards. The membrane adsorber can be regenerated and reused for biodiesel purification. The regenerated membrane can be reused with maintaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification.Mixed matrixmembrane (MMM) adsorbers systems function as short and wide chromatographic columns in which the adsorptive packing consists of one or more micro-porous membranes. This study reports the use of membrane adsorbers for glycerol capturing and removing in crude biodiesel. The MMM are prepared by a wet phase inversion method. Magnesol were incorporated as active sites in the membrane. Matrix support of the membrane was prepared from chitosan.The optimum compositions of the adsorptive membranes were 3 % chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34 % and swelling degree was 52 %. The membrane clean water flux was 225 Lm-2h-1 at a trans-membrane pressure of 2.5 bar. The adsorptive membrane has been demonstrated to reduce the concentration of total glycerol in crude biodiesel. The amount of glycerol in biodiesel can be reduced 69.93 % in 60 minute which is agreed to value of SNI quality standards. The membrane adsorber can be regenerated and reused for biodiesel purification. The regenerated membrane can be reused with maintaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification

Pengembangan Membran Magnesol untuk Pemurnian Biodiesel

Magnesol membrane has been prepared by mixing chitosan polymer with magnesol particles via phase inversion method. The optimum compositions of adsorptive membranes were 3% chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34,17% and swelling degree was 51,91%. The membrane clean water flux was 224,4 Lm‑2h‑1 at a transmembrane pressure of 2.5 bar.  The adsorptive membrane possesses an open and interconnected porous structure with a large surface area available for biodiesel purities adsorption. The results showed that after contacting in 60 minutes, numbers of acid value was reduced as 81,12% which is in accordance with value of SNI quality standards. In addition, the soap content adsorbed was 86,74%  as potassium soap and 86,73% as sodium soap. The regenerated membrane can be reused with mantaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification.Keywords: biodiesel, membrane adsorption, chitosan, magnesol, acid number, soa

PREPARATION OF INORGANIC CATALYST BASED HEMATITE (a-Fe2O3) COMPOUND EXTRACTED FROM ACEH IRON ORE MINERAL AND ITS CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ON TRANSESTERIFICATION OF COCONUT OIL

Hematite (Fe2O3) was successfully extracted from the Aceh iron ore mineral by precipitation method with employing sulphuricacid (H2SO4) as chemical agent.  Furthermore, the extracted hematite was modified with sodium metal (K), namely it doped with NaOH of 5% and 10% (w/w), respectively. Based on the characterization results using XRD and SEM- EDS proved that modified catalyst (Na2O/Fe2O3) with their homogeneous size were resulted while the hematite (Fe2O3) particles was dopped withNaOH at its low concentration of (5% wt/wt), however while doping with the higher concentration of NaOH (10% w/w), agglomeration was taken place among the catalyst particles in which decreasing the surface area of the modified catalysts. Finally, the modified catalyst (Na2O/Fe2O3) was successfully applied as an inorganic catalyst on transesterification of coconut oil and methanol (T = 55 – 60oC, 2 h)for forming methyl esters asbiodiesel compounds.

MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANE ADSORBERS FOR GLYCEROL REMOVAL IN BIODIESEL

Mixed matrixmembrane (MMM) adsorbers systems function as short and wide chromatographic columns in which the adsorptive packing consists of one or more micro-porous membranes. This study reports the use of membrane adsorbers for glycerol capturing and removing in crude biodiesel. The MMM are prepared by a wet phase inversion method. Magnesol were incorporated as active sites in the membrane. Matrix support of the membrane was prepared from chitosan.The optimum compositions of the adsorptive membranes were 3 % chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34 % and swelling degree was 52 %. The membrane clean water flux was 225 Lm-2h-1 at a trans-membrane pressure of 2.5 bar. The adsorptive membrane has been demonstrated to reduce the concentration of total glycerol in crude biodiesel. The amount of glycerol in biodiesel can be reduced 69.93 % in 60 minute which is agreed to value of SNI quality standards. The membrane adsorber can be regenerated and reused for biodiesel purification. The regenerated membrane can be reused with maintaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification.Mixed matrixmembrane (MMM) adsorbers systems function as short and wide chromatographic columns in which the adsorptive packing consists of one or more micro-porous membranes. This study reports the use of membrane adsorbers for glycerol capturing and removing in crude biodiesel. The MMM are prepared by a wet phase inversion method. Magnesol were incorporated as active sites in the membrane. Matrix support of the membrane was prepared from chitosan.The optimum compositions of the adsorptive membranes were 3 % chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34 % and swelling degree was 52 %. The membrane clean water flux was 225 Lm-2h-1 at a trans-membrane pressure of 2.5 bar. The adsorptive membrane has been demonstrated to reduce the concentration of total glycerol in crude biodiesel. The amount of glycerol in biodiesel can be reduced 69.93 % in 60 minute which is agreed to value of SNI quality standards. The membrane adsorber can be regenerated and reused for biodiesel purification. The regenerated membrane can be reused with maintaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification

MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANE ADSORBERS FOR GLYCEROL REMOVAL IN BIODIESEL

Mixed matrixmembrane (MMM) adsorbers systems function as short and wide chromatographic columns in which the adsorptive packing consists of one or more micro-porous membranes. This study reports the use of membrane adsorbers for glycerol capturing and removing in crude biodiesel. The MMM are prepared by a wet phase inversion method. Magnesol were incorporated as active sites in the membrane. Matrix support of the membrane was prepared from chitosan.The optimum compositions of the adsorptive membranes were 3 % chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34 % and swelling degree was 52 %. The membrane clean water flux was 225 Lm-2h-1 at a trans-membrane pressure of 2.5 bar. The adsorptive membrane has been demonstrated to reduce the concentration of total glycerol in crude biodiesel. The amount of glycerol in biodiesel can be reduced 69.93 % in 60 minute which is agreed to value of SNI quality standards. The membrane adsorber can be regenerated and reused for biodiesel purification. The regenerated membrane can be reused with maintaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification.Mixed matrixmembrane (MMM) adsorbers systems function as short and wide chromatographic columns in which the adsorptive packing consists of one or more micro-porous membranes. This study reports the use of membrane adsorbers for glycerol capturing and removing in crude biodiesel. The MMM are prepared by a wet phase inversion method. Magnesol were incorporated as active sites in the membrane. Matrix support of the membrane was prepared from chitosan.The optimum compositions of the adsorptive membranes were 3 % chitosan, 15% DMF and 60% loading adsorbent. The porosity of these membranes was 34 % and swelling degree was 52 %. The membrane clean water flux was 225 Lm-2h-1 at a trans-membrane pressure of 2.5 bar. The adsorptive membrane has been demonstrated to reduce the concentration of total glycerol in crude biodiesel. The amount of glycerol in biodiesel can be reduced 69.93 % in 60 minute which is agreed to value of SNI quality standards. The membrane adsorber can be regenerated and reused for biodiesel purification. The regenerated membrane can be reused with maintaining the high adsorption capacity. The methanol was better than ethanol to regenerate the magnesol membrane. The Magnesol membrane will be a new alternative method for biodiesel purification