La moxifloxacina como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de las periodontitis

ResumenLa enfermedad periodontal es causada por complejos bacterianos subgingivales organizados en una biopelícula, que genera beneficios ecológicos y metabólicos a los microorganismos que residen en ella. Por otro lado, la biopelícula también genera ventajas contra los mecanismos de defensa del huésped representados en antimicrobianos naturales o contra los antibióticos sintéticos. Pacientes de Centroamérica y Sudamérica tienen perfiles microbiológicos similares en periodontitis agresivas como crónicas. En ambas entidades, los periodontopatógenos más frecuentes asociados con la enfermedad periodontal en los pacientes latinoamericanos son Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia, Eikenella corrodens y bacilos entéricos gramnegativos. Los antibióticos han sido prescritos como apoyo a la terapia mecánica para reducir la carga bacteriana a nivel subgingival. Sin embargo, algunas especies bacterianas han desarrollado resistencia antimicrobiana debido a la prescripción indiscriminada de antibióticos, en especial en Latinoamérica. Las quinolonas representan una nueva alternativa en la terapia periodontal debido a su actividad contra los periodontopatógenos y los bacilos entéricos gramnegativos puesto que tienen una reducida resistencia bacteriana, y tienen alta difusión tisular y buena absorción. Se realizó una revisión de literatura con el propósito de brindar una actualización en el uso de antimicrobianos como terapia coayudante en el tratamiento de la periodontitis, enfocando el potencial terapéutico de la moxifloxacina como nueva alternativa.AbstractPeriodontal disease results from infection by specific subgingival bacterial complexes organized in a biofilm. Biofilm protects bacteria and other microbial pathogens from host immune system defenses and from natural and artificial antibiotics. Patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis from Central and South American countries have similar microbiological profiles. In both entities, the most frequent periodontopathogens associated with periodontal disease in Latin American patients are Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia, Eikenella corrodens and gram negative enteric rods. Supplemental antibiotics to the mechanical periodontal treatment are prescribed to reduce periodontopathic bacteria in the subgingival environment. Nonetheless, some bacterial species have developed antibiotic resistance due to their indiscriminate prescription in Latin America. Quinolones represent a new alternative in periodontal therapy, due to their activity against periodontopathogens and gram negative enteric rods, to reduced bacterial resistance, high tissue penetration, and good absorption. The aim of this review is to present an update on the use of antimicrobials as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of periodontitis, focusing on the potential therapeutic use of moxifloxacin

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

International audienceBackground: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society