On the growth and reproductive biology of asp, Aspius vorax, population from the middle reaches of Euphrates river

Endemic asp, Aspius vorax, from the middle section of the Euphrates River flowing through eastern Syria were studied to determine the main characteristics of their population structure, morphological parameters and reproductive biology. Samples ranged between 0+ and 4+ years of age and were dominated by 2+ years old group. Total length (TL) ranged between 19 and 70 cm corresponding with 46 to 2824.5 g weight, respectively. Fish growth has isometric pattern and the overall sex ratio was unbiased. Seasonal changes in the condition factor were related with the water temperature as well as the spawning season. Annual cycle of gonadosomatic index (GSI) readings indicated that spawning season occur around March when fish longer than 36 cm can mate. Average pre-spawning GSI was greater in individuals older than 2 years. Meanwhile, female fecundity was highly related to TL and weight. These findings did not always concur with previous observations from other asp populations, mainly in southern and northern Mesopotamia. Our results highlighted basic biological aspects of the local population and indicated differences between populations which can assist in fisheries management, conservation and commercial culture of the investigated species.<br /

Coping with sub-optimal water temperature: Modifications in fatty acid profile of barramundi as influenced by dietary lipid

Metabolic responses to sub-optimal temperature deplete lipid depots, remodel membrane lipid and alter the fatty acid profile in the whole body and tissues of ectothermic vertebrates including fish. The magnitude of these changes may depend on dietary history including oil sources with different fatty acid compositions. Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Perciformes, Latidae), a tropical ectothermic fish, was fed on diets either rich in dietary long-chain (=C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from fish oil, rich in stearidonic and ?-linolenic acid (SDA and GLA, respectively) from Echium plantagineum, or rapeseed oil deficient in LC-PUFA. Following 5weeks at the optimum temperature of 30°C when growth rates were comparable amongst dietary treatments, water temperature was dropped to 20°C for 1week for half of the animals and maintained at 30°C for the other half. Decreased temperature increased the liver and skeletal muscle content of LC-PUFA in fish fed on echium oil compared with rapeseed oil, while dietary LC-PUFA depots in fish oil fed-fish depleted rapidly in the week of sub-optimal temperature. The lipid unsaturation index of cellular membrane in the liver and muscle increased under low temperature at the same rate regardless of dietary oil. Therefore, rapid exposure of an ectothermic vertebrate to a lower and sub-optimal temperature caused significant modulation in fatty acid composition. We propose that the tolerance of barramundi, a representative of tropical farmed fish, to sub-optimal temperature will be enhanced when fatty acid substrates closer to the LC-PUFA are available in their diet. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Dietary phytosterols modify the sterols and fatty acid profile in a tissue-specific pattern

Phytosterol consumption reduces the absorption of dietary cholesterol and can alter the tissue fatty acid composition. The effects of manipulating sterol and phospholipid fatty acid profile by increasing levels of phytosterols (1000 and 4000 mg/kg diet) have been investigated in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Cholesterol levels decreased significantly only in liver, heart and skin. Significant increased levels of phytosterols were detected in all ten tissues analysed, with levels of campesterol in general being greater than those of β-sitosterol. The level of phytosterol incorporation ranged widely in tissues, more than doubling in heart, lung, spleen and erythrocytes to no significant increases in brain. In heart, kidney, spleen and lung there were dose dependent increases in phytosterol levels. The phospholipid fatty acid profile showed some small, but significant changes, but these were not consistent between tissues or for fatty acid classes. Dietary phytosterols accumulated differently in tissues and affected cholesterol levels and phospholipid fatty acid composition in a tissue-specific manne

Influence de la maladie rénale chronique terminale sur la disposition et le métabolisme extra rénal des médicaments : exemple des inhibiteurs du récepteur P2Y12 à l'ADP

La maladie coronarienne est l'une des principales causes de morbi-mortalité parmi les patients atteints d'une insuffisance rénale terminale (IRT). Le rôle de l'urémie comme facteur de risque indépendant de morbimortalité cardiovasculaire est incomplètement compris et pourrait impliquer une calcification des vaisseaux plus importante. Il semble également que les antiagrégants plaquettaires inhibant le récepteur P2Y12 à l'ADP comme le clopidogrel ou le prasugrel soient moins efficaces dans leur capacité à inhiber l'agrégation plaquettaire selon le degré d'insuffisance rénale chronique. Le cas d'un patient dialysé avec maladie coronarienne ayant présenté deux resténoses sur stent malgré un traitement de clopidogrel nous a conduit à une réflexion sur son efficacité dans ces conditions et à une revue de la littérature sur le niveau de preuve dans la prescription des antiagrégants plaquettaires lors de l'IRT. Les propriétés pharmacocinétiques de ces traitements sont potentiellement perturbées à différents niveaux (absorption, distribution, et métabolisme) pouvant conduire à une efficacité moindre qui a été décrite dans la littérature pour le clopidogrel et le prasugrel. Le ticagrélor semble donc être le traitement de choix dans cette indication chez le patient en IRT et sa prescription pourrait, à l'avenir, être quantifiée grâce au profil métabolomique des cytochromes P450 avant de débuter le traitement

The concentration (µg flask⁻¹) of different fatty acid and fatty acid groups in the cells or the culture medium of FaO after 3 days of supplementation with 100µM of ALA.

<p>Different letters above bars from the same fatty acid indicate significant (<i>P</i><0.05) differences.</p

Replacing dietary fish oil with Echium oil enriched barramundi with C18 PUFA rather than long-chain PUFA

Vegetable oils (VO) are sustainable sources for replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. However, VO lacks the health-benefitting n-3 long-chain (≥ C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) and potentially compromise farmed fish flesh quality for consumers. In a factorial experiment, barramundi (Lates calcarifer) were grown in either freshwater or seawater and fed on three diets containing different oil sources: FO; stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) rich oil from Echium plantagineum (EO); or rapeseed oil (RO). RO and FO-fed fish grew faster than the EO treatment and all three dietary treatments were not affected by salinity. A fatty acid mass balance showed that feeding barramundi on EO diet bypassed the first rate-limiting step in n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis. However, the fish did not accumulate high EPA or DHA content. Total PUFA, mainly of the n-3 series and dominated by ALA (18:3n-3) and SDA, in the whole body of EO fish was higher than for the FO and RO treatments. The n-3:n-6 ratio in EO treatment was less than for FO, but exceeded that in RO-fed fish. FA apparent metabolism as derived from the fatty acid mass balance fluxes showed comparable kinetics for key enzymes, indicating limited efficiency for LC-PUFA biosynthesis from their C18 dietary precursors in barramundi fed EO or RO containing diets. Fish digested dietary FA and accumulated them efficiently regardless of the salinity. These findings establish a more comprehensive understanding for FA metabolism in barramundi fed different dietary lipids and at extremes of the species wide salinity range. Based on the observed levels of accumulation, EO-fed barramundi are a potentially rich source of ALA and SDA for human consumptio

Sesamin modulation of lipid class and fatty acid profile in early juvenile teleost, Lates calcarifer, fed different dietary oils

Sesamin, a major sesame seed lignan, has diverse biological functions including the modulation of molecular actions in lipid metabolic pathways and reducing cholesterol levels. Vertebrates have different capacities to biosynthesize long-chain PUFA from dietary precursors and sesamin can enhance the biosynthesis of ALA to EPA and DHA in marine teleost. Early juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer, were fed for two weeks on diets rich in ALA or SDA derived from linseed or Echium plantagineum, respectively. Both diets contained phytosterols and less cholesterol compared with a standard fish oil-based diet. The growth rates were reduced in the animals receiving sesamin regardless of the dietary oil. However, the relative levels of n-3 LC-PUFA in total lipid, but not the phospholipid, increased in the whole body by up to 25% in animals fed on sesamin with ALA or SDA. Sesamin reduced the relative levels of triacylglycerols and increased polar lipid, and did not affect the relative composition of phospholipid subclasses or sterols. Sesamin is a potent modulator for LC-PUFA biosynthesis in animals, but probably will have more effective impact at advanced ages. By modulating certain lipid metabolic pathways, sesamin has probably disrupted the body growth and development of organs and tissues in early juvenile barramundi

Experimental design for a: the effect of time of incubation, and b: effect of ALA substrate concentration.

<p>Experimental design for the flasks used in FAMB computation is also explained in the subfigure b.</p

FA changes in the phospholipid and the non-esterified fatty acid classes, fractionated by TLC, in FaO cells, culture medium and the cells with their culture medium after 3 days of incubation.

<p>A 50 µM ALA was supplemented initially to the medium.</p><p>Values from the same source (cells, medium or the cells+medium) in the same row with different letters are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05; ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test).</p

Echium oil is better than rapeseed oil in improving the response of barramundi to a disease challenge

Pathogen infection stimulates the fatty acid (FA) metabolism and the production of pro-inflammatory derivatives of FA. Barramundi, Lates calcarifer, was fed on a diet rich in preformed long-chain (=C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from fish oil (FO), to compare with diets containing high levels of C18 precursors for LC-PUFA - stearidonic (SDA) and ?-linolenic acid (GLA) - from Echium plantagineum (EO), or rapeseed oil (RO) rich in a-linolenic acid (ALA), but a poor source of LC-PUFA and their precursors. After 6 weeks, when growth rates were similar amongst the dietary treatments, a sub-lethal dose of Streptococcus iniae was administered to half of the fish, while the other half were maintained unchallenged and were pair-fed with the infected fish. Under a disease challenge situation, the tissue FA depots depleted at 3 days post-infection (DPI) and were then restored to their previous concentrations at 7 DPI. During the infection period, EO fish had a higher content of n3 and n6 PUFA in their tissues, higher n3:n6 PUFA ratio and reduced levels of the eicosanoids, TXB 2 and 6-keto-PGF1a, in their plasma compared with RO fish. Fish fed on FO and EO had a longer lasting and enduring response in their FA and eicosanoid concentrations, following a week of bacterial infection, compared with those fed on RO. EO, containing SDA and GLA and with a comparatively higher n3:n6 PUFA ratio, proved more effective than RO in compensating for immunity stress. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd