Cueing in a perceptual task causes long-lasting interference that generalizes across context to affect only late perceptual learning and is remediated by the passage of time

Perceptual learning, the improvement in sensory discriminations with practise, is also subject to stimulus-specific interference from temporal jitter in a learning session or manipulations applied between or immediately after sessions. We demonstrate a novel form of perceptual interference where even a brief cueing exposure to a complex speech-in-noise task produces a forward interference on subsequent speech-in-noise learning. This potent interference generalizes across cueing context but specifically affects only late learning in the subsequent task, is resistant to the remediating effects of sleep and persists across an overnight delay involving sleep, and can be evoked by a single exposure 1 day before the learning. Learning in the speech-in-noise task is due to generalized improvements in discriminating and extracting signals (speech) from noise and we hypothesize that the forward interference represents interference with improvements in access to higher-level representations in rapid perception of ecologically-familiar complex signals such as speech from background noise

The Dawn of Photonic Crystals: An Avenue for Optical Computing

In this chapter, a new paradigm is developed for optical computation using photonic crystals. As photonic crystals are the most sophisticated optical materials to date, information processing using this structure is one of the most sought-after technologies in photonics. While the semiconductor industry is striving hard to increase the microprocessors’ processing power, it is certain that the trend would not last forever as against Moore’s prediction. At this juncture, photonics technologies have to compete with the upcoming quantum computing technology to emerge as a promising successor for semiconductor microprocessors. This chapter is devoted to the introduction of photonic crystals as the workhorse for an all-optical computational system with a myriad of logic gates, memory units, and networks which can be constructed using these structures

Optimization of Material Recovery Strategies in the Demolition Phase of Buildings – A Case Study

Globally, the construction industry is one of the most environmentally catastrophic industries, with a significant effect on the raw materials usage, their commitment of use throughout their whole life cycle, and the atmosphere in which they work. Between 1950 and 2010, global average material consumption rose from 5.0 t to 10.3 ton per capita per year, owing to population growth, industrialization, and increased socio-economic strength. Moreover, this industry uses 35% of produced energy and releases 40% of carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere. One hundred fifty million tons of CDW is made in India according to the BMPTC, and less than 1% is reutilized properly added to that the 55% of total solid waste in India are from the construction industry. The waste produced during the demolition can be well utilized if managed and appropriately recovered, which directly reduces the virgin raw material usage in the new construction, decreasing the amount ending in the landfill. This study aims to understand the strategies and technology for material recovery after the building's life. The literature review will be taken up to list the different strategy in practice for material recovery. The techniques for material recovery are discussed to understand more in detail. This research helps find the other methods for material recovery and equipment and technology during the demolition and reconstruction of the RCC framed structure. The bottlenecks in the adoption of the various strategy are studied in this research

IN VITRO IN VIVO CORRELATION OF DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE MODIFIED RELEASE TABLETS: AN INTERNAL VALIDATION EVALUATION

ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate in vitro and in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for newly developed dextromethorphanhydrobromide sustained-release (SR).Methods: During the development of a once-daily SR tablet of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, an extrapolative in vitro drug release method wasdesigned and statistically evaluated using three formulations with varying release rates. The similarity factor (f2) was used to analyze the dissolutiondata. Three-way crossover study design was conducted in six healthy human subjects under fasting condition.Result: The formulations were evaluated by using area under the plasma concentration-time curve, (AUC0-∞), time to reach peak plasma concentration,Tmax, and peak plasma concentration Cmax, while correlation was determined between in-vitro release and in-vivo absorption. A linear correlationwas observed between the absorption and dissolution profiles of the drug. The prediction error (%) was determined to check how well a given modelcan accurately predict a pharmacokinetic parameter of the drug. The predicted Cmax and AUC found to be −6.98 and −8.55 and for AUC was 7.76 and8.82% respectively.Conclusion: In conclusion, a Level A IVIVC explaining the complete time-course of plasma concentrations was developed and validated, internally fordeveloped dextromethorphan hydrobromide SR formulations.Keywords: Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, Dissolution, Bioavailability, Sustained-release, In vitro and in vivo correlation

Fishery and length based population parameters of little tuna, Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) from Gulf of Mannar, Southwestern Bay of Bengal.

1708-1714Little tuna is the third major tuna species landed along Tuticorin coast after Yellow fin and Skipjack tuna. The species is mostly harvested by large meshed drift gillnets where minor and seasonal catches comes from trawls and lines. Few months post fishing ban period are peak fishing season with high catch rates. There does exist, a seasonal shift in fishing ground in response to changing wind and current pattern. The species showed a positive allometric growth with ‘b’ estimated as 3.1989. Asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient (K) were 79.0 cm and 0.63 yr-1, respectively. The natural, fishing and total mortality were calculated as 1.03 yr-1, 1.37 yr-1 and 2.40 yr-1, respectively. The current exploitation ratio of 0.57 is considerably lower than Emax indicating the possibility of enhancing the production from the capture fisheries

Early postoperative outcomes of dunking pancreatojejunostomy

Background: There is no gold standard method for pancreatico-enteric reconstruction.  In our department, dunking pancreatojejunostomy (DPJ) and Duct to mucosa PJ technique are done as per surgeon’s choice.  In this study, authors evaluate the early postoperative outcomes following DPJ based on ISGPS (2007).Methods: A Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from January 2008 to December 2015. Detailed information on these patients was maintained on a prospectively held computerized database. Routine drain amylase estimations are being done on POD 3and 5 for all patients undergoing pancreatic resections and on all subsequent days if output is suggestive of pancreatic fistula. Details of patients who have undergone pancreatic resection with duct to mucosa type of pancreato-intestinal anastomosis during the same period (64 patients) were also collected prospectively and analysed. DPJ and Duct to mucosa groups were not comparable with respect to age, duct size, pancreatic gland texture and co-morbidities. Hence direct comparison between the two groups has not been carried out.Results: A total of 75 of 139 pancreatic resections with pancreatointestinal anastomosis who had dunking PJ and fulfilled the study criteria were analysed; none were excluded for analysing early outcomes. 19 out of 75 (25.5%) developed grade ‘A’ POPF, five out of 75 (6.6%) developed Grade ‘B’ POPF and three out of 75 (3.3%) developed Grade ‘C’ POPF. 20 out of 75 (26.6%) had grade ‘A’ DGE, five out of 75 (6.6%) had grade ‘B’ DGE. PPH occurred in four out of 75 (5.3%), two out of four were early PPH, one was managed by coiling and other by re-laparotomy, two were late PPH both managed by coiling of the pseudo aneurysms. There was no 30-day mortality.Conclusions: Dunking (Invagiantion) pancreatojejunostomy has accepatable early outcomes with clinically significant/relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula rates of Grade B (6.6%) and Grade C (4%), delayed gastric emptying (33.2%) and post pancreatic hemorrhage (5.3%) rates. The outcomes are comparable with Duct-to-mucosa PJ mentioned in literature

Length based population characteristics and fishery of skipjack tuna, <em>Katsuwonus pelamis</em> (Linnaeus, 1758) from Tuticorin waters, Tamil Nadu, India.

52-59Fishery and population characteristics of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) along Tuticorin coast were studied for the period of one year from June 2016 to May 2017. Population parameters of Katsuwonus pelamis based on the length frequency data collected from fish landing centers of Tuticorin. Lengths ranging from 25 to 80 cm total length were observed and analyzed in current study. The population parameters L∞, K, M, Z and F were estimated as 95.70 cm, 0.40 year-1, 0.73, 1.63 and 0.90 respectively. Virtual Population Analysis (VPA) indicated that noticeable fishing mortality starts from 35-39 cm class interval and continued increasing till 50-54 length class. Afterwards a general decline in fishing mortality was observed with a relatively heavy fishing pressure on penultimate length class. The exploitation ratio (E) of 0.55 was derived from present study which is less than the maximum exploitation ratio (Emax = 0.805) indicating a scope for potential increase in production