HUBUNGAN SISTEM PENGHARGAAN DAN MOTIVASI KERJA DENGAN TINGKAT KEDISIPLINAN KERJA PERAWAT DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM SULTAN AGUNG SEMARANG

Latar Belakang: Tingkat kedisiplinan kerja adalah salah satu bentuk sikap dan perilaku seseorang mentaati dan mematuhi ketentuan serta aturan yang telah ditetapkan oleh instansi dalam bekerja. Disiplin kerja harus dimiliki bagi setiap pegawai sehingga kinerja instansi dapat tercipta rasa aman, tertib, dan dapat terkendali dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, didalam instansi perlu adanya penerapan sistem penghargaan dan motivasi kerja yang baik sehingga kedisiplianan pegawai dapat terlihat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah hubungan sistem penghargaan dan motivasi kerja dengan tingkat kedisiplinan kerja perawat di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Islam Sultan Agung Semarang. Metode: Desain penelitian menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi adalah 133 responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Besar sampel adalah 99 responden dengan metode propotional random sampling. Instrumen penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisa data dengan uji spearman. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem penghargaan perawat adalah kategorinya sedang 46,5%, dan motivasi kerja perawat adalah kategori tinggi 45,5% serta tingkat kedisiplinan kerja adalah kategori tinggi 40,4%. Setelah dilakukan uji spearman maka hubungan sistem penghargaan dengan tingkat kedisiplinan kerja nilai koefisien korelasi 0,701 artinya H1 diterima dengan tingkat hubungan kuat dan hubungan motivasi kerja dengan tingkat kedisiplinan kerja nilai koefisien koelasi 0,807 artinya H1 diterima dengan tingkat hubungan sangat kuat. Simpulan: Ada hubungan sistem penghargaan dan motivasi kerja dengan tingkat kedisiplinan kerja perawat di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Islam Sultan Agung Semarang. Kata Kunci: Sistem Penghargaan, Motivasi Kerja, Tingkat Kedisiplinan Kerj

Primitive dreams: In search of judgment

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Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in a monoethanolamine capture medium

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 in a 30 % (w/w) monoethanolamine (MEA) aqueous solution was undertaken at In, Sn, Bi, Pb, Pd, Ag, Cu and Zn metal electrodes. Upon the dissolution of CO2, the non‐conducting MEA solution is transformed into a conducting one, as is required for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Both an increase in the electrode surface porosity and the addition of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) suppress the competing hydrogen evolution reaction; the latter has a significantly stronger impact. The combination of a porous metal electrode and the addition of 0.1 % (w/w) CTAB results in the reduction of molecular CO2 to CO and formate ions, and the product distribution is highly dependent on the identity of the metal electrode used. At a potential of −0.8 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) with an indium electrode with a coralline‐like structure, the faradaic efficiencies for the generation of CO and [HCOO]− ions are 22.8 and 54.5 %, respectively compared to efficiencies of 2.9 and 60.8 % with a porous lead electrode and 38.2 and 2.4 % with a porous silver electrode. Extensive data for the other five electrodes are also provided. The optimal conditions for CO2 reduction are identified, and mechanistic details for the reaction pathways are proposed in this proof‐of‐concept electrochemical study in a CO2 capture medium. The conditions and features needed to achieve industrially and commercially viable CO2 reduction in an amine‐based capture medium are considered

Impact of Aeration on Mixed Liquor in Submerged-Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment

In submerged-membrane bioreactors (SMBRs) for wastewater treatment, aeration with coarse bubbles is applied to limit fouling. The understanding of the different mechanisms between aeration and fouling helps to manage the aeration policy. The impact of aeration (macro scale) on shear stress and mixed-liquor properties (local scale) is evaluated. Experimental characterization of gas-liquid flow in membrane modules, computational fluid dynamics simulation, and controlled breakdown of SMBR mixed-liquor samples are reported. Mean bubble velocities were significantly lower in mixed liquor than in water and the shear stress was one order of magnitude higher in mixed liquor than in water. The floc size decreased and soluble protein concentrations increased with higher shear stress values. Considering the known impacts of these mixed-liquor properties on fouling, the obtained local results explain stronger fouling when coarse bubble aeration increases

SNP and Haplotype characterisation of Apobec 3G, a protein invovled in Retroviral defence, in Black South Africans

Heritable variation is important in disease progression, therefore its association with HIV/AIDS was analyzed. APOBEC3G is a unique cellular gene that influences HIV infectivity. It belongs to family of cytidine deaminases and is both an RNA and DNA editing enzyme. APOBEC3G is a good candidate for HIV restriction because it allows the expression of an antiviral phenotype in non-permissive cells consequently this innate immune defense may provide the basis for the design of new therapies for HIV. Variation in the upstream non-coding region of APOBEC3G was studied. Six base variants were found at positions -90, -163, -166, -571, -590 and -821. In addition, promoter analysis identified promoters in the upstream non-coding region. Indirect genotyping assays were developed to genotype the participants at -571 and H186R. The frequency of -571 GG was 70 %. The frequency of the TT genotype of H186R was 20 %. The GG genotype was selected against in the HIV + group of the study participants. This is indicative that this SNP has disease modifying effects. The TT genotype was related to increased progression to AIDS confirming the results of previous studies

Mind the Gap(s): Mitigating Harassment in a Post #MeToo Workplace

In a post #MeToo workplace, harassment remains pervasive, and harassment law still fails to provide protection for the harms experienced by many workers, particularly those in the most vulnerable jobs. Even when reform efforts are introduced through legislation, courts, and agency guidance, it often does not provide greater power, autonomy, and dignity to women in ways that would more meaningfully protect them from workplace abuse. We are the first to create a database of state legislation, including over 3,000 bills, which allows us to empirically analyze the extent to which lawmakers comprehensively address harassment following the rise of the #MeToo movement. We assess comprehensiveness by examining how responsive legislation is to existing gaps in legal protection during the five years following the 2017 tweet that took #MeToo activism global, relative to the 2016 baseline period. We found that states introduced a wide breadth of reforms to combat harassment and gender inequality, including some changes that address longstanding gaps in legal protection. Gaps persist, however, and in some cases worsened post #MeToo. Going forward, reform efforts by state legislatures – and all legal stakeholders – will prove most effective if they move away from narrow conceptions of sexual harassment and follow the voice of workers, pursuing a broad, multi-layered agenda around gender equity that is responsive to the realities of our evolving workplace and society

A review of antenatal corticosteroid use in premature neonates in a middle-income country

Background. Antenatal corticosteroid (ANS) use in premature neonates has become a standard of practice. However, there is low ANS coverage in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). Recent studies have questioned the efficacy of ANSs in such countries.Objective. To review the use of ANSs in preterm neonates at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH), South Africa.Methods. This was a retrospective observational study of all neonates with a birth weight of 500 - 1 800 g born at CMJAH between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2016. Neonatal and maternal characteristics of neonates exposed to ANSs were compared with those of neonates who were not exposed.Results. The ANS coverage of the final sample was 930/2 109 (44.1%). The mean (standard deviation (SD)) birth weight was 1 292.4 (323.2) g and the mean gestational age 30.2 (2.9) weeks. Attending antenatal care and maternal hypertension were associated with increased use of ANSs, whereas vaginal delivery was associated with decreased use. In neonates weighing <1 500 g, the use of ANSs was associated with decreased mortality, decreased intraventricular haemorrhage and decreased patent ductus arteriosus. There was no association between ANSs and respiratory distress syndrome, necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis or need for respiratory support in all premature neonates, and no association with improved outcomes in those weighing ≥1 500 g.Conclusion. The benefits of ANSs in terms of neonatal morbidity in this study were not as marked as those published in high-income countries. A randomised controlled trial may be indicated in LMICs

SNP and haplotype characterisation of apobec 3G, a protein involved in retroviral defence, in Black South Africans

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Johannesburg, August 2012It is known that infectious agents elicit different responses in different individuals which strengthens the view that susceptibility and resistance to infectious diseases has a genetic component. These differences in susceptibility to disease can be observed in populations. APOBEC3G is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family located on chromosome 22. It is crucial in non-permissive cells as it functions as part of the innate immunity system and is an inhibitor of the HIV-1 accessory protein vif. The goal of the study was to develop genotyping assays and estimate allele frequencies. Thus, genetic variation within APOBEC3G was identified and characterized in black South Africans. Indirect genotyping assays were designed to amplify regions within the upstream non-coding region, and in exon 4 of the coding region of the gene. Selected polymorphisms were then genotyped using allele-specific PCR, RFLP-PCR and Pyrosequencing™ assays. Reanalysis of sequence data from 2003 showed numerous SNPs were well represented. Comparison of sequence data at various SNPs showed that allele frequencies were similar to frequencies in other African populations. The only sequenced SNP that deviated from the frequencies in Ensembl was -590. Thus the sequencing was a useful tool for detection of variation. ASA proved to be the least reliable genotyping technique as the minor allele frequency of -571 (0.59) deviated from the published frequency of 0.894 in Africans. RFLP analysis proved more reliable for genotyping -571 and H186R. The minor allele frequency was estimated to be 0.84 and 0.32 for -571 and H186R respectively. The frequency of H186R is similar to published data from An et al (2004) and Reddy et al (2010). If SNPs are in LD they occur together on the same haplotype more often than by chance. Usually SNPs that are in LD are in close proximity. However our data suggests -571 and H186R SNPs which are 5kb apart are not in LD. A LD map of chromosome 22 shows highly variable pattern of LD (Dawson et al, 2002). Widespread regions of nearly complete LD up to 804 kb in length are intermingled with regions of little or uundetectable LD. Haplotype analysis showed the most frequent haplotype was GA. This was the most frequent haplotype when the sample types were subdivided according to spoken language. in comparison to studies from An et al, (2004) D’ of the two SNPs was estimated at 0.967. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) revealed a non-independence of allele segregation because the loci analyzed were strongly linked in the Apobec 3 G gene. The data are consistent with greater genetic diversity of African populations and can form the basis for further evaluation of the role of variation in this gene in response to HIV