Value Addition, Packaging and Storage of Aonla in India

The product Aonla (Emblica officinalis Geartn), the king of arid fruits, popularly known as “Indian gooseberry”, is a small-sized minor subtropical fruit grown widely in North India. India ranks first in the world in aonla area and production volume. It is considered to be a “wonder fruit for health” because of its unique properties. Uses. Aonla fruit is very useful in treating many diseases such as diabetes, cough, asthma, bronchitis, headache, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, jaundice, scurvy, diarrhoea and cancer. Packaging. Different packaging materials such as nylon net, perforated polyethylene bags, ventilated corrugated fibre boxes, gunny bags, wooden crates, etc., can be used for prolonging the storage life of fruit. Storage. Refrigerated storage helps in enhancing the storage life of fruit. Value addition. There are numerous products such as aonla squash, candy, jam, chutney, etc., which are pre- pared from aonla fruit. Inclusion of these products in the diet definitely helps in improving the nutritional value of Indian meals. Discussion. The low cost of the products as well as good sensory, nutritional and shelf life qualities mean that processed aonla products are appropriate for commercialization. In order to obtain a good income from aonla, it must be sold immediately in the market; if not, to make profit, proper storage facilities should be available. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i10.01

A Study on Economics of Marketing and Production of Aonla in District Pratapgarh (U.P.)

The study was conducted, in Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. Random sampling technique was used for the selection of blocks, villages and proportionate random sampling for selection of growers. From the list, 200 growers were selected, using proportionate sampling method i.e. 90 small, 70 medium and 40 large farmers respectively. The primary data were collected from the respondents by using interview schedule, while secondary data were collected from the official records, published data, magazines etc. The marketable surplus for Aonla in the area was found to be 140, 160 and 180 quintals per farm which constituting (99.10%), (99.48%) and (99.48%) to their total Aonla production. Channel-I, Marketing cost when producers sold their produce to consumer in the market was Rs.90/quintal. Net price received by the producer is 410/quintal. Producer share in consumer price was 82 per cent. Price spread is Rs 90. Marketing efficiency was 5.55 per cent. Channel-II, Marketing cost when producers sold their produce to retailers was Rs.105/quintal. Among these cost transportation charges was most important which accounted for Rs.15/quintal, followed by loading and unloading cost Rs.10/quintal, market cost Rs.10/quintal, labour cost was Rs.10/quintal and miscellaneous cost Rs.50/quintal respectively. Sale price of the producer to retailer was Rs.500/quintals inn different farms size group. Channel-III, this is identified as the longest channel. The producer sells his produce to the commission agents, who in turn sell it to retailer in the market. Finally, the produce reaches to the consumer after collecting margin. Average marketing cost when producer sold their produce to commission agents, in the market was Rs.165. Among these grading, cleaning etc. was Rs. 10 and 10 per Qts. loading and unloading cost Rs. 10 per Qtl. Transportation cost Rs. 20per Qts, Miscellaneous charges Rs. 25/qts, respectively. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.01

Enhancement of cotton hydrophobicity through modified styrene admicellar polymerization

A novel modified admicellar polymerization (ADPM) technique has been proposed for achieving hydrophobicity oncotton fabrics by synthesizing an ultrathin layer of polystyrene on them. The effect of ethanol and methanol on styreneADPM has been investigated and polymerization time is halved by using methanol at a concentration as low as 0.3 M.Evaluation of the hydrophobic effect is performed through drop tests, contact angle measurements and durability tests.Contact angle of water is as high as ~ 130° and water droplets are repelled for more than 30 min. ADPM delivershydrophobicity which is comparable with commercially available water repellents based on stearic acid melamine resins.Characterization through SEM confirms the formation of ultrathin layers of polystyrene on cotton. Thus, the findingssuccessfully exhibit a modified ADPM process as a potential water repellent finish affording conservation of time andchemicals

Effect of post–emergence application of cyhalofop-butyl for weed management in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2009 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to evaluate the appropriate combination of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). All the weed control treatments brought significant increase in grain (25-52%) and straw yield (27-58%) as compared to season long crop weed competition. Cyhalofop-butyl residues in soil were found below detectable level indicating safety to soil microbial population and succeeding crop. It may be concluded that weeds can be managed during critical period of competition with the sequential application of pretilachlor (750 g/ha) as pre-emergence followed by post- emergence application of cyhalofop-butyl (60 g/ha) at 30 DAS in direct-seeded rice

Enhancement of cotton hydrophobicity through modified styrene admicellar polymerization

336-343A novel modified admicellar polymerization (ADPM) technique has been proposed for achieving hydrophobicity on cotton fabrics by synthesizing an ultrathin layer of polystyrene on them. The effect of ethanol and methanol on styrene ADPM has been investigated and polymerization time is halved by using methanol at a concentration as low as 0.3 M. Evaluation of the hydrophobic effect is performed through drop tests, contact angle measurements and durability tests. Contact angle of water is as high as ~ 130° and water droplets are repelled for more than 30 min. ADPM delivers hydrophobicity which is comparable with commercially available water repellents based on stearic acid melamine resins. Characterization through SEM confirms the formation of ultrathin layers of polystyrene on cotton. Thus, the findings successfully exhibit a modified ADPM process as a potential water repellent finish affording conservation of time and chemicals

Formation and migration of vacancies in rubidium halides

Energies of formation of Schottky defects as well as cation and anion migration energies in RbCl, RbBr and RbI have been evaluated from ionic lattice calculations and the results are compared with the corresponding values obtained from ionic conductivity measurements. The experimental and calculated values of Schottky formation energies agree. Conduction in rubidium halides is mainly due to the movement of cation vacancies. The calculated value of the cation migration energy in RbCl is close to that obtained experimentally, but the calculated values in RbBr and RbI are somewhat higher than the experimental values

Unilateral Carotid Body Tumour: A Case Report

The carotid body, which is located bilaterally on the medial side of the carotid bifurcation, is the largest group of paraganglia in the head and neck. Chemoreceptor cells in the carotid bulb give rise to uncommon tumours known as Carotid Body Tumours (CBTs). The authors describe a case of a CBT in a 40-year-old woman who had a painful, pulsatile, lateral neck enlargement on the right side that had been developing over time. Due to the numerous difficulties and problems brought on by their high vascularity and close proximity to cranial nerves in the neck near the carotid bifurcation, they pose a surgical challenge. Based on the patient's medical history, the results of clinical and radiological examinations, and the successful surgical removal of the tumour, the diagnosis was suspected. The results of histological analysis supported the diagnosis of a CBT