AN UPDATE ON THE SYNTHESIS OF BENZOXAZOLES

Benzoxazoles being structurally similar to bases adenine and guanine interact with biomolecules present in living systems. These compounds possess antimicrobial, central nervous system activities, antihyperglycemic potentiating activity, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity. It can also be used as starting material for other bioactive molecules. Modifications in structure and the biological profiles of new generations of benzoxazoles were found to be more potent with enhanced biological activity. Considering all these, we have prepared this review and discussed the synthesis and biological activities of benzoxazoles

An efficient synthesis, invitro and insilco evaluation of new pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents

343-350The present study is the synthesis of new heterocyclic moieties like pyrazole, isoxazole and thiazole containing benzimidazole nucleus. The title compounds were synthesized from 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) oxazol-2-amine. The newly synthesised compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and demonstrated excellent to moderate activity and molecular docking study reports are supporting anti-inflammatory activity showed high inhibition constant and binding energy. The structures of synthesised compounds were characterized by IR, 1HNMR, Mass spectroscopic methods

ZIKA VIRUS SERENE PROTEASE COMPLEX (NS2B-NS3) INHIBITION BY 2-AMINO-5-{[(1Z)-AMINO({[(Z)-BENZOYL]IMINO})METHYL]AMINO}-N-(5-AMINO-7-{[CARBAMOYL(PHENYL)METHYL]AMINO}-6-OXOHEPTYL)PENTANAMIDE, IN SILICO STUDIES

Objective: The present in silico study is taken to report 2-amino-5-{[(1Z) -amino ({[(Z) -benzoyl] imino}) methyl] amino} -N-(5-amino-7-{[carbamoyl (phenyl) methyl] amino} -6-oxoheptyl) pentanamide as Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor.Methods: In silico studies performed on online docking servers. NS2B-NS3 serine protease from ZIKV with PDB ID: 5GJ4 a hydrolase with total structure weight of 102878.54 is selected as the target. Docking server is used for carrying out docking calculations. Lamarckian genetic algorithm and the Solis and Wets local search methods are used for performing docking simulations. Free energy calculations, hydrogen bond (HB) formation, polar and hydrophobic interactions and HB plot are studied in this study.Results: Binding pocket is found on a serine protease NS2B chain A. Binding site predictions propose NKK as the suitable ligand for binding, which has structure closely related to the proposed ligand2-amino-5-{[(1Z) -amino ({[(Z) -benzoyl] imino}) methyl] amino} -N-(5-amino-7-{[carbamoyl (phenyl) methyl] amino} -6-oxoheptyl) pentanamide. Free energy of binding is - 4.08 kcal/Mol and inhibition constant (Ki) is very less 1.02 mm. The ligand binds to chain A of NS2B and chain B of NS3 serine protease. The legend is bound to serine protease complex through strong HB, formed between THR 60 (A) and N6 of ligand, GLU62 (A) and N8 of ligand, ARG 55 (A) and N3 of ligand and ASN108 (B) and N7 of ligand apart from polar and hydrophobic interactions.Conclusion: Docking studies performed establishes the proposed ligand2-amino-5-{[(1Z)-amino ({[(Z)-benzoyl] imino}) methyl] amino} -N-(5- amino-7-{[carbamoyl (phenyl) methyl] amino}-6-oxoheptyl) pentanamide as a molecule which can be used for the inhibition of ZIKV NS2B-NS3 serine protease. Â

A REVIEW ON THE SYNTHETIC METHODOLOGIES OF CHROMONES

Chromones group of compounds and their derivatives form the essential component of pharmacophores in many biologically active molecules. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as antibiotic, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant, antipsychotic, and antihypoxic activities. These applications have stimulated a continuous search for the synthesis of new compounds in this field and are being extensively investigated. The various methodologies so far reported for the synthesis of these compounds with the compounds biological applications are discussed in this communicatio

Association of MTHFR gene polymorphism C677T (rs1801133) studies with early primary knee osteoarthritis in a South Indian population: a hospital-based study

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly occurring disease of middle and elderly population, which is characterized by focal loss of joint articular cartilage, osteophyte formation and sub chondral bone remodeling. Classical risk factors of OA include age, gender, weight, joint injury, trauma, however hereditary component is one of the main crucial factors. Severalgenome wide association studies and candidate gene approaches have identified genetic variants involved in the influence and association of OA. In the current study influence of Methylene tetra hydro folate reductase MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) gene with early primary knee OA was evaluated.In this study 400 samples were included (200 cases & 200 controls). DNA was extracted & processed for PCR- RFLP evaluation and genotype analysis. Statistical analysis was performed & results indicated a lack of association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and early primary KOA. The stratification was done based on age & gender and also both. Individual’si.e females below the age of 40 years are more prone to the disease when compared with males. MTHFR gene polymorphism showed a lack of association with early primary knee osteoarthritis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study from south India. Keywords: Polymorphism; MTHFR gene; Osteoarthritis; molecular analysis

Bioinformatical Analysis of PHB Depolymerases from the Phototrophic Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas Palustris Using Computational Tools

In this study, PHB depolymerases from seven bacterial Rhodopseudomonas palustris were analyzed and presented in this communication. The composition of alanine, leucine and valine were the highest while lowest concentrations of asparagine and lysine residues were seen when compared to other aminoacids. pI value of Rp3 was 10.47 while the lowest pI of 5.67 was seen in Rp1. The instability index of all the depolymerases varied while for most of them it was less than 40 showing that some of them are stable while others are unstable. Aliphatic index was found to span within a range of 104 to 121. Secondary structural analysis of the depolymerases showed the pre-dominance of α-helices followed by random coils for all the depolymerases except Rp1 depolymerase. Significance of the above results are discussed in the light of existing literature

Studies on 3H-levamisole binding to murine splenic lymphocytes, normal, malignant human lymphocytes and fate of levamisole in cell culture

Background: Levamisole at high concentrations has been shown to have anticancer and immunosuppressive actions. Methods: In the present study, fate of levamisole in cell culture and 3 H-levamisole binding to murine splenic lymphocytes, normal and malignant human lymphocytes has been investigated. Results: High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cell culture supernatants of myeloma cells treated with levamisole has shown that products of levamisole appeared with progressive culture period indicating a metabolic transformation. 3 H-levamisole binding assays indicate that the binding was signifi cantly higher in lysates of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine splenic lymphocytes as compared to whole cells. Conclusion: The degradation of levamisole could be one more possible reason for the high concentration of levamisole required to get the desirable cytotoxic effect on myeloma cells

Effect of levamisole on alkaline phosphatase activity and immunoglobulin secretion of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine splenic lymphocytes

Background: Alkaline phosphatases (APase) are a group of enzymes whose activity increases above normal levels in conditions of diseases such as cancer. In the present study, the role of APase using mitogen-stimulated murine lymphocytes was investigated. Methods: U266B1 cells and RPMI 8226 cultures were kept at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. The cultures were pulsed with 0.5 μCi of 3H-thymidine and were harvested onto glass fiber filter using Skatron automatic cell harvester. The dried filters were transferred into toluene-based scintillation cocktail, and the radioactivity was measured using Beckman scintillation counter. APase activity was determined by p-nitrophenol phosphate hydrolysis. The intracellular immunoglobulin E (IgE) content was quantified by western blot assay. U266 B1 and RPMI 8226 were cultured at 0.25 × 106/ml with and without 1 mM levamisole for 48 h, and 15 ml of the culture supernatant was collected and lyophilized. Electrophoresis was carried out on 30 μl of the dialyzed samples. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed and the gels were silver stained. Results: APase may be involved in the constitutive proliferation as well as in Ig secretion of myeloma cells. It was observed that murine splenic lymphocytes showed an increase in proliferative response concomitant with an increase in the APase activity and Ig secretion upon mitogenic stimulation (0.5–2.5 mM, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Levamisole significantly inhibited the APase activity when added to the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells at the initiation of the culture. Significance of the present study is discussed in the light of existing literature

MOLECULAR DOCKING OF AMITRIPTYLINE TO CERULOPLASMIN, RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN, AND SERUM ALBUMIN

  Objective: A drug's efficiency depends on the binding capacity of the drug with the particular plasma protein. The less bound drug can be easily diffused through cell membranes. The present study deals with in silico studies of amitriptyline binding to three plasma proteins human ceruloplasmin (HCP), cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), and human serum albumin (HSA) and tries to establish the binding capacity behavior with the frontier molecular orbital approach.Methods: Amitriptyline is selected as legend and docked with three plasma proteins HCP, HCP PDB ID 1KCW, CRBP PDB ID 5LJC, and HSA. Docking calculations were carried out using docking server. frontier molecular orbital calculations are performed through web-based computational chemistry interface WEBMO version 17.0.012e using server Buchhner.chem.hope.edu. on computational engine MOPAC.Results: HCP and HSA predominantly show polar and hydrophobic interactions, whereas CRBP forms hydrogen bond apart from polar and hydrophobic interactions. Favorable values of inhibition constant, Ki, is obtained which is equal to 1.13 μM for CRBP, 6.00 μM for HCP, and 2.00 μM for has.Conclusion: A studies prove that amitriptyline can bind to all three plasma proteins, namely, HCP, CRBP, and HSA. Amitriptyline binds to an HSA and HCP through polar and hydrophobic interactions while weak electrostatic interactions felicitate diffusion of amitriptyline through the plasma membrane. Comparatively, strong hydrogen bond in CRBP may make the bound drug to be released at a slow rate. Strong binding of amitriptyline to CRBP is also evident from the least value of inhibition constant, Ki, which is equal to 1.13 μM for CRBP, 6.00 μM for HCP, and 2.00 μM for has

MOLECULAR DOCKING OF AMITRIPTYLINE TO CERULOPLASMIN, RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN, AND SERUM ALBUMIN

  Objective: A drug's efficiency depends on the binding capacity of the drug with the particular plasma protein. The less bound drug can be easily diffused through cell membranes. The present study deals with in silico studies of amitriptyline binding to three plasma proteins human ceruloplasmin (HCP), cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), and human serum albumin (HSA) and tries to establish the binding capacity behavior with the frontier molecular orbital approach.Methods: Amitriptyline is selected as legend and docked with three plasma proteins HCP, HCP PDB ID 1KCW, CRBP PDB ID 5LJC, and HSA. Docking calculations were carried out using docking server. frontier molecular orbital calculations are performed through web-based computational chemistry interface WEBMO version 17.0.012e using server Buchhner.chem.hope.edu. on computational engine MOPAC.Results: HCP and HSA predominantly show polar and hydrophobic interactions, whereas CRBP forms hydrogen bond apart from polar and hydrophobic interactions. Favorable values of inhibition constant, Ki, is obtained which is equal to 1.13 μM for CRBP, 6.00 μM for HCP, and 2.00 μM for has.Conclusion: A studies prove that amitriptyline can bind to all three plasma proteins, namely, HCP, CRBP, and HSA. Amitriptyline binds to an HSA and HCP through polar and hydrophobic interactions while weak electrostatic interactions felicitate diffusion of amitriptyline through the plasma membrane. Comparatively, strong hydrogen bond in CRBP may make the bound drug to be released at a slow rate. Strong binding of amitriptyline to CRBP is also evident from the least value of inhibition constant, Ki, which is equal to 1.13 μM for CRBP, 6.00 μM for HCP, and 2.00 μM for has