Personal status and exceptions of the national law enforcement regarding it

Personal status arises from Roman law and is consisted of two main elements being status and qualification .it is the result of a division that exists in the Roman Law System. Nowadays, it is considered as a core element of civil rights since the latter is divided into two divisions of personal status and objective status. By personal status it is referred to characteristics that determine an individual's personal and legal status and identity as well as the assignments of the person in society. The former status belongs to the self and is not separated from his/her social status. In addition, it is not exchangeable and cannot be turned into cash. For example, marriage and divorce or in other words anything that amplifies the relation between the person and his/her family are considered as personal statuses and on the other hand, anything related to financial relations is considered as objective status. Laws governing personal status are in general the same laws of the government; however this law has its exceptions including public discipline, minorities, genealogy, qualification and individuals with no citizenship which are discussed in the present article

Oral and Dental Laser Treatments for Children: Applications, Advantages and Considerations

It is of utmost importance to make children interested in and willing to use dental services in order to prevent and treat oral diseases. Therefore, pediatric dental practitioners need to learn new technologies such as lasers, in addition to basic principles. Lasers have opened new horizons in the treatment of both soft and hard oral tissue problems in children. The present article describes application of the most commonly used lasers and their advantages and considerations

Investigating the Civil Responsibility of Managers and Lifeguards against Swimmers

Civil responsibility is an issue of civil rights covering a significant portion of current legal literature. Civil responsibility has been defined as a person's legal commitment for compensation of the damage (whether being directly caused by the person or caused by his/her action) he/she has inflicted on another person. In case of lifeguards, this responsibility is due to their fault and if the cause of harm is due to the fault of the lifeguard, he/she will have a compulsory guarantee for compensation. Considering this content, under certain conditions, sport agents including lifeguards are responsible for compensation of damages caused by their fault. Legal and real entities engaged with sports not only are responsible for adherence to contractual assignments, but also are required to adhere to non-contractual obligations that are generally associated with societal traditions and customs or special characteristics of specific sporting fields. Civil responsibility law which is one of the most important and comprehensive branches of law, lacks normative system and adaptive regulations in Iran. In past, this type of responsibility was considered as a subsidiary subject in civil rights, however nowadays it is practically and theoretically considered as the most significant component of obligations. On the other nowadays civil responsibility plays a role in every single social activity

Identifying and assessing the factors affecting skill gap in digital marketing in communication industry companies

As far as new communication channels are concerned, there have been extensive developments in communications and marketing in digital era. Today, therefore, companies try to take advantage of digital marketing channels to provide suitable services to customers to improve their satisfaction level. However, this study aimed to identify and assess factors affecting skill gap in digital marketing. This was descriptive correlation study. The population consisted of experts in communications industry to identify most important skill gaps in digital marketing and factors affecting them; also, managers and specialists of these companies were investigated to determine the role of identified factors in reducing skills gaps. Using localized questionnaire and interviewing with ten experts who were selected by Delphi snowball method, the skill gaps in marketing and factors affecting them were identified. Also, a researcher made questionnaire with 32 questions was distributed among 226 employees to investigate the identified factors role in reducing skills gap in digital marketing. The results showed that from four identified factors, the components including operational strategic factors and environmental factors had direct and positive impact on creating skill gap in digital marketing of studied companies. The environmental factors such as social and cultural conditions, religion, technology, and economy had more proactive impact on skills gap in digital marketing. Also, the results showed that among skills gaps in digital marketing of studied companies, the skills (Principles of Communication) and (Predicting Future) had the highest and lowest gaps, respectively

Hexavalent Chromium Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity on isolated human lymphocytes

Introduction: The most toxic form of chromium (Cr) in the environment is the oxyanion chromate (Cr (VI)). In this form it is soluble and is transported into the cells. Chromate structurally resemble phosphate and sulfate, and can be transported into cells by the anion carrier.  Methods and Results: In this study, toxicity effects of Cr (VI) on isolated human lymphocytes was studied using accelerated cytotoxicity mechanisms screening (ACMS) technique. Human lymphocytes were isolated from blood of healthy persons using Ficoll-paque PLUS standard method. The trypan blue dye was used to cytotoxicity assay. The mechanistic parameters including reactive oxygen species (ROS), lysosomal membrane destabilization, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, lipid peroxidation, GSH and GSSG levels were assessed after 1, 2 and 3 hrs in potassium dichromate treated lymphocytes. The results indicate that toxicity of Cr (VI) was concentration dependent in human lymphocytes. Cr (VI) significantly (p<0.05) induced ROS production, MMP reduction, lysosomal membrane destabilization and lipid peroxidation in human lymphocytes. There was also a decrease in intracellular GSH and raise in extracellular GSSG levels in Cr (VI) treated lymphocytes.  Conclusion: OOur findings revealed that ROS formation with subsequent cellular damages is the molecular mechanism for Cr (VI) induced human blood lymphocyte toxicity

The Martens Clause in International Criminal Law: Its Function & Inclusion

Among the many areas in which the Martens’ Clause has been raised, great attention to international criminal law is of particular importance. Because in this context, the Martens' Clause and its elements, especially the principles of humanity and public conscience, as a rational solution that stems from the most sublime aspects of human dignity,has been manifested by an extensive interpretation in criminalizing the attack to human values, combating impunity and prosecution of perpetrators of international crimes.Additional attention to the Clause and the identification of its constituent elements, in international criminal law in theory and practice, it further reveals the high position of human beings in contemporary international law. International criminal tribunal have made effective inferences by using the capacities of the Clause and its effective role in the interpretation process, clarifying the content of the rules, blowing the spirit of innovation and the element of advancement into the international criminal law,filling gaps and eliminating the ambiguity in the international provisions, that make it possible to understand the content, and its legal functions.Therefore,the authors argue that a proper application of the Clause in international criminal jurisprudence will lead to the emergence of other principles and rules in international law

A novel and cost-effective double-capsule nanocomposite coating based on carbon hollow spheres with self-healing performance for corrosion protection

The ability of a cost-effective self-healing nanocomposite system to restore its protection functionality in case of a coating defect is of pivotal importance to ensure durable performance under demanding corrosive conditions. In this research, a self-healing epoxy coating was fabricated by incorporation of carbon hollow spheres (CHSs) doped separately with epoxy and polyamine as film forming agents. Graphene-based CHSs were synthesized via silica templating method in presence of sucrose as a carbon precursor. After encapsulation of epoxy and polyamine agents in CHSs denoted as Ep-DCSs and Am-DCSs, respectively, 10 wt. % and 5 wt. % of Ep-DCSs and Am-DCSs were introduced in an epoxy matrix. The final nanocomposite coating was applied on the surface of mild steel substrates. A blank epoxy coating was also used as a control sample. The synthesized CHSs were characterized before and after the silica core removal using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The CHSs loaded with the film forming agents were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the protective and self-healing properties of the coatings were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and salt spray testing. The obtained results showed that the fabricated nanocomposite epoxy coating can heal appropriately the scratches applied on the surface of the coating barricading the accessibility of corrosive species to the metal substrate (Figure 1). Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Development of a rheological model for polymeric fluids based on FENE model

Rheological models for polymer solutions and melts based on the finitely extensible non-linear elastic (FENE) dumbbell theory are reviewed in this study. The FENE-P model that is a well-known Peterlin approximation of the FENE model, indicates noticeable deviation from original FENE predictions and also experimental results, especially in the transient flow. In addition, both FENE and FENE-P models have some shortcomings from the point of view of theory. To overcome these shortcomings, a new approximation of the FENE spring force has been established. It has been used to develop a modified constitutive rheological model for polymeric fluids. In the procedure of modeling, the effect of non-affine deformation is introduced into the new model. Comparison between the model predictions and experimental data presented in the literature for transient and steady shear flow of polystyrene indicates that this modified model can predict the rheological behavior of polymeric fluids with a great accuracy. The newly developed modified model could predict different slopes that can cover the behavior of most of the polymeric fluids

Ocular pharmacoscintigraphic and aqueous humoral drug availability of ganciclovir-loaded mucoadhesive nanoparticles in rabbits

The present report describes the improved ocular retention and aqueous humoral drug availability of ganciclovir (GCV) when administered via topical instillation of different kind of nanoparticles onto the rabbit eye. GCV was loaded into PLGA nanoparticles, chitosan-coated nanoparticles and chitosan-coated niosomal nanoparticles. All three formulations contained nanoparticles equally round in shape with a mean particle size in the range of 180–200 nm. The ocular corneal retention property was evaluated by gamma scintigraphy, revealing that the clearance was slowest in the case of the chitosan-containing formulations. GCV in chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles and chitosan-coated niosomal nanoparticles showed approx. 6-fold higher aqueous humor drug availability as compared to a GCV solution and nearly 2.5-fold higher as compared to the chitosan-lacking GCV-PLGA nanoparticles. The results indicate that the use of a mucoadhesive chitosan coating can improve the ocular residence time and aqueous humoral availability of GCV when administered topically in nanoparticle